北非地区海-陆热力差异与夏季江淮流域旱涝的关系

基于NCEP/NCAR月均再分析资料和中国743站降水资料,根据夏季江淮流域51 a(1954-2004年)区域旱涝指数的年代际变化特征,确定北非地区作为研究的关键区.分析发现,关键区的地表温度异常在冬季具有较好的持续性,冬季北大西洋涛动是导致这种异常持续性的重要原因之一.通过对前冬北非地区地表温度和夏季江淮流域降水的SVD分析发现:当北非大陆地区偏冷,其西北侧的海区偏暖时,江淮流域夏季的降水将整体偏多;反之,江淮流域夏季的降水整体偏少.进一步研究发现,北非地区海陆地表温度异常的对比,要比其中单一海洋或陆地区域的异常对夏季江淮流域的旱涝有更好的指示能力.文中定义了一个海陆热力差异指数来表征这种地表温度异常的对比程度,该指数和夏季江淮流域旱涝指数呈较好的正相关关系,并且对夏季江淮流域极端旱涝年份也有较好的指示,认为该指数可以作为一个指示江淮流域整体旱涝事件的预报因子.     

SEASONAL PERSISTENCE OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SURFACE HEAT FLUX ANOMALY

This paper investigates the interannual variation of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) intensity based on the data compiled by the Chinese National Climate Center. Monthly reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are also used to study the lead-lag relationship between WPSH intensity and surface heat flux anomalies. The three major findings are as follows: First, WPSH intensity presents good seasonal persistence, especially from winter to the ensuing summer. Persistence is more significant after 1977, especially from spring to summer, and from summer to autumn; persistence of anticyclonic anomalies are significantly better than cyclonic anomalies. Second, surface heat flux tends to present opposite anomalous patterns between the strong and weak years of the WPSH intensity, which is especially valid at the latent heat flux over the ocean. Simultaneous correlations between surface heat flux and WPSH intensity in each of the seasons are marked by similar key areas. Finally, surface heat flux from the preceding winter of a strong summer WPSH is quite similar to strong spring WPSH, but the positive anomalies over the northwest Pacific and south of Japan are notably stronger. The situations in the weak years are similar except for those over the northwest Pacific: winter surface heat flux shows negative anomalies for a weak spring WPSH, but positive anomalies for a weak summer WPSH. It is suggested that surface heat flux in the previous winter plays an important role in maintaining the WPSH intensity in the ensuing spring and summer.     

长江下游地区汛期暴雨气候特征分析

IPCC(1995)第二次科学评估报告指出了极端气象事件变化研究的重要意义[1].长江下游地区地势低平,往往是我国暴雨洪涝的多发区域,造成严重灾害,因此,研究长江下游地区暴雨的规律具有极其重要的意义.选取了长江下游地区52站1960～2003年逐日降水资料,运用EOF分析将其分为3个分区,采用小波分析,Mann-kendall非参数检验法及趋势系数法等分析方法研究各分区汛期暴雨降水的气候统计特征.结果表明:虽然汛期同为暴雨降水的集中时期,但各分区暴雨降水在汛期降水中所占比重略有差异,暴雨降水量、频次所占比例的空间分布为西区较大、东区和北区略小,暴雨平均强度则西区和北区东部强、其他区域小.同一区域中降水量与频次具有显著的正相关,不同区域间仅暴雨降水量的相关性较好.暴雨降水量44 a中呈现了增加的趋势.各区汛期暴雨具有多重时间尺度的周期变化,暴雨降水量和频次的周期在西区与全区的较为一致,主要是6～9 a的周期振荡.东区和北区有着不同尺度的振荡周期.各区的暴雨降水强度都不同程度地存在着3 a的周期振荡.长江下游地区汛期暴雨降水量除北区外,全区及其他分区的突变时刻均发生在1980年代末～1990年代初这一时期,暴雨降水量在1980年代中期～20世纪末出现了一个增长的过程,北区趋势并不显著.全区暴雨平均强度在突变时刻之后有一个减弱的过程,而西区和北区的暴雨平均强度变化并不显著.     

Numerical Simulations of Intense Meiyu Rainfall in 1991 over the Changjiang and Huaihe River Valleys by a Regional Climate Model with p-σ Incorporated Coordinate System

1.IntroductionAlthoughGCMsprovedsuccessfulinreproducingthebasicfeaturesoflarge--scaleatmosphericcirculations(Gates,1992),theyaretoocoarsetodescribethedetailsofregionalclimatepatterns(Grotch,etal.,1991).Intheregionswheretheatmosphericdynamicalandphysicalforcingsvaryonascaleoflessthanafewhundredkilometers,suchasinthepresenceofcomplexterrain,afactorof10orgreaterincreaseinmodelhorizontalresolutionmayberequiredtosimulatetherealisticregionalresponsestothefutureclimatechanges.Duetothelimitationsinb…     

青藏高原隆升作用于大气临界高度的数值研究

利用Ｐ－σ混合坐标系全球大气环流模式研究了青藏高原隆升作用于大气临界高度问题,通过对数值试验结果的分析进一步证实了在高原隆升的过程中存在着一个临界高度,这个高度在夏季约为１５００～２０００ｍ。当高原总体平均高度超过临界高度后,高原周围地区的气流主要以绕流为主,爬坡气流的速度较小,稳定的高原季风开始形成,高原地区范围内为强大的上升运动区,高原南侧和中国东部地区出现一条明显的雨带,随着高原隆升高度的增高,雨带内的降水量逐渐增加,同时高原西侧附近地区形成一个稳定的感热通量大值带     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) havebeen analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region. It is found that there exist maximum centers ofTMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as thewestern Pacific, SCS, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, and their locations and strengthschange significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset. A positive zonal deviation of TMLHoccurs first in the Indochina Peninsula, apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula. Theappearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with thesummer monsoon onset. Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas, the TMLH increases graduallywith a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon, and the rate of increase issignificantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean, TMLH decreasesbefore the monsoon onset, varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually afterthe ending of monsoon. Therefore, it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an importantrole in the maintenance of the summer monsoon, and its variation is an phenomenon accompanyingthe onset of summer monsoon.     

EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERIZATION ON THE MONTHLY MEAN SIMULATION

Treatments of the boundary layer in a five-layer primitive equation model with mixed P—σcoordinates are improved by incorporating similarity theory,which is widely used at present.Twokinds of parameterization schemes of the boundary layer are designed,and static test and numericalsimulation are performed.It is found that the iterative scheme can fairly improve the simulation ofthe mean climate field in July.The abnormally strong heat low over the Tibetan Plateau isweakened to some extent.     

温度,盐度和风应力对南海海流模拟的影响

用美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式（ＰＯＭ）对南中国海的年平均海流进行了数值模拟,对温盐结构和风应力在海流形成中的作用进行了较详细的讨论。结果表明,仅有温盐水平不均匀分布也可以驱动海水而生成南海海流,但此种海流的结构较乱,最大流速只有３０～４０ｃｍ·ｓ－１。若温盐无水平结构,则在风应力驱动下,南海海流的结构较为有序,且最大流速可增至６０～７０ｃｍ·ｓ－１。在温盐水平分布不均匀并有风应力的作用时,生成的南海海流与仅有风应力作用时的海流场较相似,说明在南海海流的形成中,风应力的作用更为重要。海面自由高度的分析也证明了上述结论。     

长江流域汛期降水集中程度和洪涝关系研究

用新定义的降水集中度和集中期分别讨论了我国长江流域不同地段汛期降水在时间和空间上的分布特征和变化规律. 结果表明在对长江流域旱涝灾害研究方面,降水集中度和集中期能够定量地表征降水量在时空场上的非均匀性,提取出最大降水重心对应的时段,因此可以比较理想地分析旱涝灾害发生的基本特征及其形成机制. 并且在长江中下游地区的降水集中度与东亚副热带季风之间存在着比较密切的联系.     

全球海气相互作用关键区及区内气候特征分析

采用合成分析方法研究了南海夏季风的爆发过程及其前期征兆。研究结果表明，在南海夏季风爆发之前，对流首先在中南半岛出现，随后在临近南海夏季风爆发时，菲律宾附近也出现对流活动，这表明菲律宾附近对流活动的出现也是引起南海夏季风爆发的原因之一。在南海夏季风爆发之前，赤道印度洋上（75～95°E）的赤道西风有一次明显的增强过程，它对南海夏季风的爆发也起了十分重要的作用，因为一方面它通过赤道西风的东扩促使南海南部的赤道西风建立和增强；另一方面，它又通过西风的北抬以及激发孟加拉湾的对流扰动发展和北移东传，诱使我国华南沿海西风的增强和南压，从而对南海夏季风爆发产生影响。进一步的研究还表明，印度洋赤道西风和南海南部赤道西风的增强又分别与南半球马斯克林高压、澳大利亚高压的增强以及索马里、85°E附近和105 °E附近向北越赤道气流的增强有关。