水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.     

一种地热能可再生资源量的新算法——以北京为例

北京地热资源勘查始于20世纪50年代中期。70年代初期,针对以往对地热资源的可再生性认识不足,不能真实反映地热资源中蕴含的可循环利用的热量,造成计算值偏小的情况。本文介绍了一种地热可再生资源量的新算法,计算每个热田的可再生资源量,从而重新估算北京市地热能的资源潜力。通过计算,采用对井抽灌方式且地热水100%回灌条件下抽灌井间距为300m时,10个地热田范围内地热能可提供的供暖面积为3.01亿m2;采用地热梯级利用(和热回收)结合其他辅助清洁能源调峰方式对建筑物进行供暖,全市热田面积内可供暖面积为8.60亿m2。对比传统地热可采资源量与本次研究采用的新算法,采用对井系统供暖可大大提高布井密度,使可供暖面积提高73倍。通过对地热能可再生资源量进行计算,对于推进全国范围内的地热发展,具有良好的推动作用。     

佛坪地区中元古代孔兹岩系地质特征

根据佛坪地区广泛出露的一套副变质岩系的岩石组合、矿物组合、变质相特征和岩石地球化学特征的分析,认为它们是一套中深变质的碎屑岩－泥质岩－碳酸盐岩建造。原岩形成于相对稳定的大陆边缘－微板块内的陆表海环境。经过角闪岩相区域变质作用,形成了佛坪地区较为完整的孔兹岩系     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and carbon fluxes across sea-air interface in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

Partial pressure of CO2 （pCO2） was investigated in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary, Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent areas during a cruise in August 2004, China. The data show that pCO2 in surface waters of the studied area was higher than that in the atmosphere with only exception of a patch east of Zhoushan Archipelago. The pCO2 varied from 168 to 2 264 μatm, which fell in the low range compared with those of other estuaries in the world. The calculated sea-air CO2 fluxes decreased offshore and varied from -10.0 to 88.1 mmol m^-2 d^-1 in average of 24.4 ± 16.5 mmol m^-2 d^-1. Although the area studied was estimated only 2 × 10^4 km^2, it emitted （5.9 ± 4.0） × 10^3 tons of carbon to the atmosphere every day. The estuaries and their plumes must be further studied for better understanding the role of coastal seas playing in the global oceanic carbon cycle.     

红河断裂(中国境内段落)现今地壳形变特征分析

正红河断裂带作为一条大型走滑断裂带,总体呈NW走向,西北端始于中国云南洱源,往南东向进入越南直至南海,在中国的云南省境内长约600 km。该区域地质背景复杂、构造活动强烈,新构造时期以来,先后经历了早期的左旋走滑运动,后又转变为右旋走滑运动。因为在研究中国大陆尤其是青藏高原东南部大陆动力学方面的重要作用,很多学者已经围绕地质构造、地壳活动、地震活动等特征对其开展了大量的研究。而红河断裂带各段落的地震活动性存在明     

考虑修/改造方案优选的桥梁震后可恢复性和可持续性研究

为了实现基于性能的桥梁结构全寿命设计,针对某桥梁修/改造方案案例,提出了桥梁震后可恢复性和可持续性的评估方法框架。针对2种备选的桥梁修/改造方案,建立考虑时效的时变易损性曲线,通过计算桥梁不同损伤状态的超越概率和震后恢复时间,实现对桥梁震后可恢复性能的评估。基于不同地震动强度的震后恢复时间计算社会成本、环境成本和修复成本,考虑模型参数不确定性,使用蒙特卡洛模拟对社会、环境和经济指标进行定量分析,实现对桥梁震后可持续性的评估。结果表明:不同的备选修/改造方案震后可恢复性能差异较大,提出的评估计算方法为修/改造方案优选提供了理论支撑;并且根据经济、社会、环境影响因素,由可持续性三个指标导出的成本差异,可更好地优选修/改造方案。     

基于岩石物理参数转换模型的页岩气含气量评价新方法研究

页岩气在储层中主要以游离气和吸附气的形式存在,其含气量主要通过现场解吸和测井方法计算.由于页岩储层十分致密,并且常伴有微裂缝发育,这就造成了页岩储层的储集空间从纳米级孔隙到微米-毫米级的微裂缝并存的特殊情况.针对微孔和介孔段(50nm以内)的等温吸附方法,以及针对宏孔(50nm以上)的高压压汞方法在表征页岩孔隙结构上都存在着局限性.而核磁(NMR)T2分布本身虽然能够表征孔径分布,但是需要精确刻度横向弛豫时间与孔径的关系.本文在现有方法的基础上,结合上述方法的优势,采用拼接的方式表征页岩整体孔径分布,并将核磁T2分布刻度为孔径分布.基于横向弛豫时间和孔径的关系,结合T2-I转换模型,采用动态参数计算页岩储层含水饱和度和含气量,这为页岩储层含气量评价提供了新的可靠的方法.     

2000-2010年东北地区湖泊动态变化及驱动力分析

以2000、2005和2010年的Landsat TM和ETM遥感影像为主要数据源,利用面向对象的分类方法,提取3期东北地区湖泊数据;在GIS技术的支持下,分析了过去10年东北地区湖泊的时空变化特征,并对导致湖泊面积变化的自然和人文驱动因素进行分析.结果表明:2000-2010年间,东北地区湖泊面积由12234.02 km²减少至11307.58 km²,其中,2005-2010年间湖泊萎缩剧烈程度大于2000-2005年;湖泊数量先增加后减少,10年间共减少了4092个;10年间天然湖泊面积大幅减少,人工湖泊面积略增加;研究区内西北方向湖泊萎缩程度小于东南方向,质心向西北偏移;湖泊变化受自然因素和人类活动的共同影响,人类活动叠加在自然因素之上,对湖泊变化产生了放大作用.     

基于随机森林模型的太湖水生植被遥感信息提取

水生植被作为太湖湿地的重要组分,其数量和范围变化影响着湖泊生态系统的平衡,故利用遥感技术对水生植被的空间分布开展研究有助于太湖湿地生态系统的保护.以Landsat 8多光谱遥感影像为主要数据源,利用光谱指数和图像变换方法构建多个特征变量,结合随机森林(RF)模型,提取太湖水生植被的空间分布.结果表明:(1)通过对比分析训练样本特征值的平均值、标准差和变异系数,NDVI、NDWIF、SR等指数更易于区分开敞水域和沉水植被、浮叶植被和挺水植被;(2)当设置1000棵分类树和4个分割节点的随机变量时,RF分类模型的袋外误分率小于6%,误分主要受SR、MNDWI和NDVI等特征变量影响;(3)通过验证分析,基于RF模型获得的2014年7月太湖水生植被覆盖面积约为306.0km2,分类精度为88.56%(Kappa系数为0.88),主要分布在湖体的东部和南部,以沉水和浮叶植被为主,两者占水生植被覆盖总面积的84.9%.     

昆明2000平面坐标系统设计与实现

高原城市地形破碎、范围广、落差大,原城市相对独立平面坐标系采用的椭球参数、投影面等存在差异,已不能满足城市建设快速扩张和经济社会发展要求。设计了一种通过DEM和行政区地理位置加权来建立城市坐标系统的方法,在最大范围覆盖行政区域面积的基础上,减少了中央子午线和投影抵偿面的设置数量;并以昆明市为例进行了合理性验证。结果表明,各项指标达到规范要求,该方法对于建立类似高落差城市平面坐标系具有重要的借鉴意义。