甲午海战后的清朝海军

清海军自甲午战败后,恢复十分缓慢。宣统元年(1909年),清政府为维护其风雨飘摇的统治,着手加强陆海军力量,决定第一年拨给海军开办经费700万两,以后每年拨绘经费500万两。同时,决定设立筹办海军事务处,任命郡王衔贝勒载洵和提督萨镇冰为筹办海军大臣,负责海军的整建工作。载洵是清代第一位海军大臣醇亲王奕谭的第6个儿子,光绪皇帝的弟弟。光绪死后,载洵另一个哥哥载沣     

专项气象服务经济效益的评价理论与技术

当前，由于缺乏对气象服务投入量与产出量准确而完整的统计，要对气象服务的各种经济效益作出总体评价是困难的。然而，在专项气象服务中，却不乏原始、完整而准确的资料。作者从此出发，讨论了专项气象服务经济效益评价的理论。并通过实地调查，以彭州市气象局几项专项气象服务为例探讨了评价技术。     

卫星激光测距的新进展

扼要综述了近几年国际上卫星激光测距的进展，介绍了国内激光测距网的现状，展望了未来卫星激光测距的发展。     

宇宙常数与宇宙年龄问题

本文用球对称扰动模型导出了星系暗晕的平均密度与形成时间的关系 ,并由此估算银河系的形成时间tV.我们把球状星团的年龄作为银河系年龄tG 的代表 ,则tG tV 是宇宙年龄 .对Ωλ=0 ,0 .7和 0 .8的平坦宇宙模型 ,本文计算并讨论了能与它相洽的哈勃常数的范围 .结果表明 ,若哈勃常数大到 80km·s- 1 Mpc- 1 左右 ,引入宇宙常数并不一定能解决宇宙年龄的矛盾     

PROPAGATION OF 30—60 DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERLIES JET STREAM DURING NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER

Based on daily ECMWF gridpoint data of two winters during 1981—1983 including an ENSOyear,propagation of low frequency oscillations(LFO)during Northern Hemisphere winters andtheir influences upon 30—60 day oscillations of the subtropical jet stream are studied with the sta-tistical methods as complex empirical orthogonal function(CEOF)and so on.Results show that inthe winter of a normal year(1981—1982),30—60 day oscillations in the subtropical zone aremainly in the northern and southern flanks of exit region of jet stream.In the ENSO year(1982—1983),they are mainly in the vicinity of entrance and exit regions of jet stream.Intraseasonalchanges of subtropical jet stream manifested themselves as latitudinal fluctuation or longitudinalprogression or regression of about 40 day period.There are marked differences between propagat-ing passages of low frequency modes responsible for changes of subtropical jet stream in the normalyear(1981—1982)and in the ENSO year(1982—1983).Changes of oscillation amplitude showobvious phases.In general,the one in late winter is stronger than that in early winter,strongestone occurs in February.     

A MESO-β SCALE SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM ON THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE

Based on the Intensive Field Campaign(IFC-1)data of Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study(BOREAS).a three-dimensional meso-β scale model is used to simulate the effect of boreal forests onthe lower atmosphere.A fine horizontal resolution of 2 km×2 km is used in order to distinguish thevegetative heterogeneity in the boreal region.A total of 20×25 grid points cover the entire sub-modeling area in BOREAS' South Study Area(SSA).The ecosystem types and their coverage ineach grid square are extracted from the North American Land Cover Characteristics Data Base(NALCCD)generated by the U.S.Geographical Survey(USGS)and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln(UNL).The topography of the study area is taken from the Digital Elevation Map(DEM)of USGS.The model outputs include the components of the energy balance budget within the canopyand at the ground.the turbulence parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer and the wind.temperature and humidity profiles extending up to a height of 1500 m.In addition to the fine timeand spatial step,the unique feature of the present model is the incorporation of both dynamic andbiological effects of the Boreal forest into the model parameterization scheme.The model resultscompare favorably with BOREAS' IFC-1 data in 1994 when the forest was in the luxuriant growingperiod.     

广州白云山常绿阔叶林的结构特征

在线路调查和样方调查的基础上分析了广州白云山常绿阔叶林的结构特征，群落主要由亚热带科属组成，优势科为芸香科，五加科，茜草科，山茶科，壳斗科，鼠刺科，樟科等。优势树种也以相应的优势科属树种为主，群落中胸径≥3cm的个体密度较小，只有1964株/hm^2；群落较为低矮，平均高度只有6m；乔木垂直分化不明显，树种水平分布不均，白云山的植被是次生植被和人工造林改造的结果，只在山谷少数植被没受人类干扰，其现状植被是天然次生植被和人工植被的混合体，在一些由马尾松发展起来的群落，天然侵入的阔叶树种已在主要层中居优势；群落中可见马尾松衰退的痕迹。