大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测——以长江中下游铜陵地区为例

为了实验大容量气枪震源陆地水体流动激发反射地震探测效果,在长江中下游安徽省铜陵段,采用气枪船长江航道流动激发、沿江岸布设反射地震仪器接收的非纵弯线工作方式,得到了反映测线经过地区地壳深部结构和构造特征的反射地震数据。原始资料信噪比较低,但部分资料不同部位仍可辨认出来自地壳及莫霍面反射波组。就传播距离而言,地震波传播的水平距离最大可达21km,垂直深度可达30km以上。在数据处理中,根据原始资料特点,针对性采用了非纵弯线面元定义、三维层析静校正、叠前多域去噪及组合反褶积技术,最终得到的叠加时间剖面上具有丰富的壳内反射波组。结果显示,测线经过地区的地壳结构为双层结构,总厚度为30.0～36.0km。上地壳呈现隆坳相间的反射特征,下地壳存在多组叠层状弧型反射波组,莫霍面反射特征清晰,由2～3个反射同相轴组成,呈现SW端向NE段抬升的形态。剖面经过地区存在一个切穿下地壳和莫霍面的深部断裂,应该是长江深断裂的反映。研究结果充分说明,大容量气枪震源可应用于陆地流动水体地壳精细结构的深地震反射探测。     

Pigment Distribution and Secretion in the Mantle of the Pacific Oyster(Crassostrea gigas)

The color of Mollusca shells is one of the most important attributes to consumers. At the cellular level, black color is mainly from the melanin produced by melanocytes. The melanosome is a specialized membrane-bound organelle that is involved in melanin synthesis, storage, and transportation. How the complex pigmentation process in the Crassostrea gigas is established remains an open question. The objectives of this studies are to examine the morphological characteristics of melanosomes or mela...     

西藏羌塘盆地中侏罗世布曲期及夏里期岩相古地理与油气远景

在露头剖面地层学及沉积学研究的基础上,采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,编制了西藏羌塘盆地中侏罗世布曲期和夏里期的单因素图和岩相古地理图。布曲期以碳酸盐岩沉积为主,自北而南依次发育局限台地（潮坪、泻湖）、开阔台地（台盆、浅滩/点礁）、台缘礁/浅滩、台缘斜坡、盆地等沉积（亚）相;夏里期以陆源碎屑沉积为主,发育泻湖、潮坪、滨岸、陆棚等沉积（亚）相。布曲组台盆和泻湖相泥灰岩和泥晶灰岩是良好的烃源岩,台缘礁和浅滩相碳酸盐岩是良好的储集岩,而上覆的夏里组泻湖和潮坪相泥岩和膏盐层是良好的区域性盖层,共同构成良好的生、储、盖组合。该生储盖组合大都被上覆的上侏罗统、白垩系、第三系覆盖。因此,布曲组是盆地内最好的油气勘探目的层,沿中央隆起带两侧以及北羌塘地区的琵琶湖－半岛湖凸起一带应是油气勘探的有利区带。     

东溪危岩滑坡群特征及稳定性评价

东溪危岩滑坡群是危岩和滑坡的集合体,现为四川省省级地质灾害监测点。本文在阐述东溪危岩滑坡群特征的基础上,研究分析其成因,通过剖面递推系数法计算,对危岩滑坡群的稳定性进行评价,进而对危岩滑坡群的危害进行评估,为优化整治措施提供了依据。     

软土地基沉降的二维非线性粘弹性反演与预测

基于Merchant粘弹性模型和简化双曲线模型，建立软土地基沉降的二维非线性粘弹性Biot固结有限元计算公式；根据最小二乘法建立目标函数，采用Simplex直接优化算法反演确定参数；为反演能获得在物理意义上合理且数学上唯一的参数，提出从简单模型到复杂模型的分步反演分析方法。实例分析表明，该方法是可行的。     

郯庐断裂带山东段的中新生代构造演化特征

本文在总结郯庐断裂带的最新研究成果的基础上,对郯庐断裂带山东段深部构造特征、运动学特征和内部结构特征进行了分析,并对郯庐断裂带山东段的中新生代构造演化过程进行了研究。在华南华北碰撞造山时期,郯庐断裂带山东段发生了显著的左旋走滑剪切变形。郯庐断裂带山东段在晚侏罗至早始新世(50Ma前)的左旋走滑直接受控于古太平洋板块向东亚大陆的俯冲,板块俯冲边界的应力直接传递到郯庐断裂带导致其发生走滑运动;早白垩世中期至古近纪,郯庐断裂带山东段内部及两侧盆地的伸展则受控于深部岩石圈减薄、地幔底辟导致的裂陷作用。     

Progress in Global Gas Hydrate Development and Production as a New Energy Resource

Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates.     

华南区域大气成分业务数值预报GRACEs模式系统

总结了华南区域大气成分数值预报GRACEs模式系统的业务发展进程,系统介绍了GRACEs模式的计算域、气象驱动场、输入排放源、计算平台与产品应用,报告了GRACEs模式的业务预报性能。概述了国内外大气成分数值预报模式的发展现状与趋势,介绍了新版CMAQ模式Ver5.1的化学机理,及其在光化学、气溶胶化学、源排放、化学与气象双向反馈机制等方面的重要更新。GRACEs模式系统预期将在本地精细化气象模式、污染源本地化、化学机理以及初始场同化等方面进一步研究,深入开展华南区域"一体化"大气成分模式系统的研发与应用。     

Regional and Synoptic-scale Features Associated with Inactive Periods of the Summer Monsoon over South China

ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌａｎｄＳｙｎｏｐｔｉｃ－ｓｃａｌｅＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓＡｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈＩｎａｃｔｉｖｅＰｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｔｈｅＳｕｍｍｅｒＭｏｎｓｏｏｎｏｖｅｒＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａ①Ｃ．Ｈ．ＳｏａｎｄＪｏｈｎｎｙＣ．Ｌ．ＣｈａｎＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅ...     

夏季北极海冰激发的500hPa遥相关型

本文应用统计方法,分析7月、8月北极海冰与北半球500hPa位势高度场的相关场,7月、8月500hPa基点相关图,多冰年与少冰年的1000—500hPa厚度差图等,得到如下结论: 夏季极冰冷源的存在,可激发北半球大气产生遥相关型,这种遥相关型可以看成二维Rossby波列,具有相当正压结构,在西风带中沿着固定的波导自高纬向低纬分布,从而影响北美的环流和天气。表现为极冰偏多年份,极涡加强而偏心,加拿大高压脊和北美大槽亦同时加强;反之,极冰偏少年份,上述系统均减弱。