Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study,the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX,a simple parameterization scheme,for three stations(Gaize,Naqu,and Lhasa) on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data.Our modeled results agree well with observations.The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were > 0.99 for all three stations.The relative error of modeled results,in average was < 7%,and the root-mean-square variance was < 27 W m 2.The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data;there were at least two likely causes.First,the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model.Second,solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated.The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated.The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is < 2% of the global solar radiation(< 14 W m 2).Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter.The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation(95 W m 2).This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.     

天气预报分析型数据模型及生成

将原始数据转换为分析型数据,增强用户对海量数据的分析能力,是数据仓库技术最核心、最有价值的思想,也是数据仓库在气象领域应用的基础。该文针对天气预报领域数据空间性、瞬变性、物理性和多尺度性等特点,提出了五元组描述的天气预报分析型数据概念模型;总结了生成分析型数据的固定区域统计、划分区域统计、基本天气系统识别和天气学概念模型识别4种聚集变换,并对其关键技术进行了讨论。提出了基本天气系统自动识别的滤波-划分-测量算法,探讨了针对气象数据特点的模糊空间关系,定义了进行天气学概念模型识别的空间模糊产生式规则,并针对空间数据给出了定位条件等扩展。     

Inhomogeneous features in mel-yu frontal cloud system

The structure of radar echo in stratiform cloud which was found in mei-yu frontal cloud system is generally inhomogeneous, especially in the structure of bright band echoes. The inhomogeneous structure of warm region in stratiform cloud and the shower feature of precipitation are closely related to the inhomogeneous structure of bright band and convective cells embedded in stratiform cloud.During Summer time the mei-yu cloud system is an important precipitating system in the southern part of China. To study its structure is of great significance for weather forecast and understanding the physical processes of cloud and precipitation. Therefore, we have observed mei-yu frontal cloud system by use of 711 type radar (3 cm) and airplane at Tunxi, Anhui Province since 1979. It was found that the structure of stratiform cloud, especially the structure of its warm region appears to be inhomogeneous1),2). This is a significant feature of cloud structure in mei-yu frontal cloud system. In this paper, we shall further analyse this inhomogeneous structure of stratiform cloud and study its effect on the precipitation.     

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific(WNP) since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia(WNP-EA) before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.     

主汛期降水量预测信号及方差权重方法的应用

为了制作四川盆地主汛期降水预报对相似方法作了改进,首先是根据四川盆地主汛期降水的前３个特征向量分别寻找有物理基础的前期信号作为预报因子,然后充分考虑各因子对总降水量贡献大小定义因子场的相似,确定相似年,最后引入“集成”的思想,由５个相似年的降水场得到预测年降水的定量客观预测。最后引入“集成”的思想,由５个相似年的降水场得到预测年降水的定量客观预报。１９８１￣１９９４共１４年的预报结果准确率高于当前     

新一代天气雷达与强对流天气预警

简要介绍了对流风暴的分类、对流风暴的强弱和强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达识别和预警技术，以及新一代天气雷达对强对流风暴预警水平的改进。     

Alentiana palinpoda,a new commensal polynoid species from a seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Alentiana has only one member, A. aurantiaca(Verrill, 1885), commensal with sea anemone(Bolocera tuediae).Here, Alentiana palinpoda sp. nov., a second member in the genus Alentiana(subfamily Lepidastheniinae), a new commensal polynoid is described, based on a specimen collected from a deep-water seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The new species is characterized by large elytra that completely cover the dorsum and are present in every third segment in the posterior regions. Neuropodia are ...     

Ophiuroid fauna of cobalt-rich crust seamounts in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Seamounts are vulnerable ecosystems in the deep sea and can be heavily impacted by human activities, such as bottom fishing and deep-sea mining. The species composition and distribution patterns of benthic fauna is key information for the designation of marine protected areas and environmental management plans. Three contracts for cobalt-rich crust exploration have been granted to China, Japan and Korea in the Northwest Pacific Ocean by the International Seabed Authority. However, our knowledge ...     

A new species of the glass sponge genus Walteria (Hexactinell-ida: Lyssacinosida: Euplectellidae) from northwestern Pacific seamounts,providing a biogenic microhabitat in the deep sea

We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science, Walteria demeterae sp. nov., which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1 271–1 703 m. Its tubular and basiphytous body, extensive lateral processes, numerous oval lateral oscula which are irregularly situated in the body wall, the presence of microscleres with oxyoidal, discoidal and onychoidal outer ends, and the absence of anchorate discohexasters,indicate it belongs to the genus Walteria of family Euplectellida...     

基于SPE与SPATT的水体中麻痹性贝类毒素检测方法构建与应用

为实现麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的实时监控与提前预警,本研究构建了基于固相萃取技术(solid phase extraction,SPE)与固相吸附毒素跟踪技术(solid phase adsorption toxin tracking,SPATT)的水体中PSP检测方法,重点优化了吸附材料及前处理方法,评价了回收率、检出限等指标,并将方法应用于2019年春季秦皇岛山海关海域PSP消长过程的监测中,比较评估了两种方法的监控预警效果。结果表明:SPE方法选用ENVI-Carb 500mg/6mL固相萃取柱,过样体积为50mL,13种PSP组分的平均回收率为82.2%±10.0%、检出限为4.0-20.0ng/L;SPATT方法选用SP207大孔吸附树脂,洗脱时间为静置Id最佳,整体回收率约为9.2%;在实际应用中,结合产毒藻密度及贻贝富集毒素含量的变化,发现SPE方法的检测结果可实时表征海域PSP风险状况,对于贻贝中PSP的预警效果也显著优于SAPTT方法,后者不仅因监控方式相对滞后一个监测周期,且灵敏度及准确性均较差。对于秦皇岛...