晚始新世以来台湾-吕宋-民都洛地带的地球动力学演化

本文基于三个主要断面描述了台湾-吕宋-民都洛地带(或称为花彩弧)的构造格局。这三个断面是:(1)俯冲和岛弧均活跃的吕宋断面;(2)以碰撞活动为主的台湾断面;以及(3)以俯冲活动为主和碰撞不活跃的民都洛断面。基于地质研究和可利用的地球物理资料,并通过重建晚始新统和现代沉积层序,提出了菲律宾海和欧亚板块边界地区的地球动力学演化模式。其主要地球动力学事件为:(1)早渐新世时期中国南海(S.C.S)开始扩张,与此同时随Zambales和Angot蛇绿岩间吕宋岛俯冲;(2)自晚渐新世到早中新世,中生界(?)海洋盆地沿原马尼拉海沟俯冲;(3)在中新世中期(14—15×10~6年)南海扩张结束,与主要的运动学重建相关的中国南海海洋地壳向中国和Reed海岸-Calamian不活动边缘俯冲;(4)在晚中新世(～7×10~6年)时期,吕宋微地块与中国南海两个边缘开始碰撞;在上新世时期台湾的碰撞仍然活跃,但在民都洛的碰撞停止了。     

75年间测量技术变革

概述回顾《(帝国)测量评论》创刊75年的历史,测量仪器和技术发生了相当大的变化,从最初的小型测量仪器发展到今天的卫星测量系统。由此本文总结了以下领域的测绘技术变革:小型仪器(钢带尺和钢线尺、平板仪、气压计、磁罗盘、三脚架、三脚基座),水准测量仪,经纬仪,光电测距仪(ED     

The Shallow Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Northern Indian Ocean and Its Interannual Variability

The shallow meridional overturning circulation (upper 1000 m) in the northern Indian Ocean and its interannual variability are studied, based on a global ocean circulation model (MOM2) with an integration of 10 years (1987-1996). It is shown that the shallow meridional overturning circulation has a prominent seasonal reversal characteristic. In winter, the flow is northward in the upper layer and returns southward at great depth. In summer, the deep northward inflow upwells north of the equator and returns southward in the Ekman layer. In the annual mean, the northward inflow returns through two branches: one is a southward flow in the Ekman layer, the other is a flow that sinks near 10°N and returns southward between 500 m and 1000 m. There is significant interannual variability in the shallow meridional overturning circulation, with a stronger (weaker) one in 1989 (1991) and with a period of about four years. The interannual variability of the shallow meridional overturning circulation is intimately r     

贵州惠水仰天窝竖井大熊猫化石的发现及其意义

晚更新世的大熊猫广泛分布于中国华南地区,化石分布点众多,但完整保存的骨骼材料相对较少。文中报道了贵州惠水县仰天窝竖井新发现的完整大熊猫头骨化石,仰天窝竖井—白马洞因其特殊的洞穴环境为化石的保藏创造了有利条件。根据测量数据,仰天窝大熊猫个体牙齿比现生大熊猫略大,应属于巴氏大熊猫。AMS—14 C测年结果为22887~22431 a BP,时代处于末次盛冰期前后,新材料的发现为推断大熊猫在晚更新世末期的分布范围、生存演化等问题提供了难得的实证。     

汶川地震最大垂直位移处同震滑移带特征及其高磁化率意义

本文根据映秀-北川地表破裂带最大垂直位移观测点(31°50'21.2"N,104°28'09.7"E)测量数据,结合同震滑移面特征、擦痕产状等,重新讨论了汶川地震地表破裂带展布特征、过程、最大同震位移值等基本参数。该观测点对应约7.0m的垂直位移,水平位移约为5.0m。同震断层滑移面上只发育一组侧伏向为SW、侧伏角约55°擦痕,说明汶川地震破裂在映秀-北川断裂北段主要经历了一次破裂过程。使用U形槽连续采集同震滑移带断层泥样品,在2G-760岩石磁学系统自动控制平台上利用Bartington MS2磁化率仪的环形探头,按每1cm间距采集数据。测试结果说明同震滑移带断层泥具有高磁化率特征,增强机制可能是由于地震滑移作用产生的高摩擦温度导致断层岩中高磁化率新矿物的形成所致。本研究对于鉴定断层岩经历摩擦生热作用提供了一种定量分析新尝试。     

地面核磁共振找水仪及其在水文地质调查工作中的应用研究

本文概要介绍了地面核磁共振找水方法的原理和世界上最新的直接探查地下水的仪器设备--地面核磁感应系统的特点,并以实例说明了NMR找水方法的应用效果,提出了关于提高NUMIS系统抗干扰能力、完善解释方法、研制系列仪器等方面的建议.     

柴达木盆地西北缘古近系磁性年代研究进展

对青藏高原北部柴达木盆地西北缘红三旱地区古近系高精度的磁性地层研究表明,下干柴沟组的磁极性带对应标准地磁极性年表C16n-C18极性时,相应的磁性年代为大于40 Ma至35.5 Ma,其地质时代属于始新世早、中期;上干柴沟组的磁极性带对应C8.2n-C15极性时,相应的磁性年代为35.5～26.5 Ma,地层的地质时代属于始新世晚期和渐新世早、中期.上、下干柴沟组的界线位于C16n顶部,其年代约为35.5Ma.上干柴沟组顶部的砂砾岩或砾岩层,以及沉积速率的大幅增加可能是该地区在27.9～26.5 Ma期间规模隆升的结果.     

原位低温拉曼光谱技术在人工合成CaCl2-H2O和MgCl2-H2O体系流体包裹体分析中的应用II：低温下流体包裹体相变行为的研究

本文利用低温原位拉曼技术,对CaCl2-H2O体系和MgCl2-H2O体系人工合成流体包裹体进行了研究。结果表明：对于盐浓度不同的溶液而言,可采用不同的冷冻方式有效采集低温拉曼光谱;通过系统采集不同温度下的拉曼光谱,可以直接准确地测定包裹体中流体的成分和低温相变过程。人工合成包裹体原位低温拉曼光谱的研究,为将该技术应用于天然包裹体分研究奠定了理论基础,可以预见,该技术必将在流体包裹体研究领域发挥其它方法不可替代的重要作用。     

Stagnant lids and mantle overturns:Implications for Archaean tectonics,magmagenesis,crustal growth,mantle evolution,and the start of plate tectonics

The lower plate is the dominant agent in modern convergent margins characterized by active subduction,as negatively buoyant oceanic lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere under its own weight.This is a strong plate-driving force because the slab-pull force is transmitted through the stiff sub-oceanic lithospheric mantle.As geological and geochemical data seem inconsistent with the existence of modernstyle ridges and arcs in the Archaean,a periodically-destabilized stagnant-lid crust system is proposed instead.Stagnant-lid intervals may correspond to periods of layered mantle convection where efficient cooling was restricted to the upper mantle,perturbing Earth's heat generation/loss balance,eventually triggering mantle overturns.Archaean basalts were derived from fertile mantle in overturn upwelling zones(OUZOs),which were larger and longer-lived than post-Archaean plumes.Early cratons/continents probably formed above OUZOs as large volumes of basalt and komatiite were delivered for protracted periods,allowing basal crustal cannibalism,garnetiferous crustal restite delamination,and coupled development of continental crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle.Periodic mixing and rehomogenization during overturns retarded development of isotopically depleted MORB(mid-ocean ridge basalt)mantle.Only after the start of true subduction did sequestration of subducted slabs at the coremantle boundary lead to the development of the depleted MORB mantle source.During Archaean mantle overturns,pre-existing continents located above OUZOs would be strongly reworked;whereas OUZOdistal continents would drift in response to mantle currents.The leading edge of drifting Archaean continents would be convergent margins characterized by terrane accretion,imbrication,subcretion and anatexis of unsubductable oceanic lithosphere.As Earth cooled and the background oceanic lithosphere became denser and stiffer,there would be an increasing probability that oceanic crustal segments could founder in an organized way,producing a gradual evolution of pre-subduction convergent margins into modern-style active subduction systems around 2.5 Ga.Plate tectonics today is constituted of:(1)a continental drift system that started in the Early Archaean,driven by deep mantle currents pressing against the Archaean-age sub-continental lithospheric mantle keels that underlie Archaean cratons;(2)a subduction-driven system that started near the end of the Archaean.     

塔里木板块西南缘晚侏罗世古地磁研究

塔里木板块西南缘托云、奥依塔格晚侏罗世古地磁研究,获得了托云地区特征磁化方向:Ds=1.5°,Is=50.8°;古地磁极:λ=81.0°,ψ=247.0°,古纬度31.5°N。奥依塔格地区特征磁化方向:Ds=118.4°,Is=55.9°;古地磁极:λ=4.9°,ψ=120.6°,古纬度=36.4°N。从古地磁结果认为:①托云和奥依塔格相对托云地区产生顺时针旋转;②这两个地区古纬度为31°～36°左右,与塔里木平均古纬度30°N是基本一致的,但与现在纬度差达8°～10°左右,造成纬度差主要原因是构造运动造成的;③塔里木晚侏罗世古地磁亦与华北、华南基本一致,说明晚侏罗世塔里木、华北、华南三板块已联合成一个整体,拼合成统一的中国大陆,其位于热带—亚热带古气候环境。