Projections of annual mean air temperature and precipitation over the globe and in China during the 21st century by the BCC Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.0

Evaluating the projection capability of climate models is an important task in climate model development and climate change studies. The projection capability of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System Model BCC CSM1.0 is analyzed in this study. We focus on evaluating the projected annual mean air temperature and precipitation during the 21st century under three emission scenarios (Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2) of the BCC CSM1.0 model, along with comparisons with 22 CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3) climate models. Air temperature averaged both globally and within China is projected to increase continuously throughout the 21st century, while precipitation increases intermittently under each of the three emission scenarios, with some specific temporal and spatial characteristics. The changes in globally-averaged and China-averaged air temperature and precipitation simulated by the BCC CSM1.0 model are within the range of CMIP3 model results. On average, the changes of precipitation and temperature are more pronounced over China than over the globe, which is also in agreement with the CMIP3 models. The projection capability of the BCC CSM1.0 model is comparable to that of other climate system models. Furthermore, the results reveal that the climate change response to greenhouse gas emissions is stronger over China than in the global mean, which implies that China may be particularly sensitive to climate change in the 21st century.     

初值协调性对模式数值积分结果的影响

利用国家气候中心新一代全球大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1,考虑了初值协调性对模式数值积分结果的影响,进行了两组数值回报试验(简称S1,S2),对27年(1980～2006年)的夏季基本气候态进行了对比分析,并考察了该模式对夏季气候的回报技巧。使用交叉检验的方法,计算了对模式结果的评估参数值,包括时间和空间距平相关系数,对该模式性能进行了评估和检验。结果表明,BCC_AGCM2.0.1对季节尺度的大气环流场具有良好的模拟性能,模式基本上再现了观测位势高度场、温度场、流场的分布特征以及大尺度降水分布特征。500 hPa位势高度、温度空间距平相关系数对比表明,平均而言,500 hPa位势高度、温度的空间距平相关性,热带区域(30°S～30°N)高于东亚区域(0°～60°N,60°E～150°E)和全球区域。回报与观测的降水距平百分率相关系数分布对比表明,试验S2在我国江淮地区及南方地区的回报技巧要明显优于S1。     

北京气候中心大气模式对季节内振荡的模拟

对北京气候中心大气模式(BCC AGCM2.0.1)模拟热带季节内振荡的能力进行了检验.北京气候中心新一代气候模式(BCC AGCM2.0.1)是在原中国国家气候中心模式的基础上参考NCAR CAM3改进形成的.新模式中引进了一个新的参考大气和参考面气压.因此原模式的预报量中的气温(T)和地面气压(p_s)则变为它们对参考大气气温的偏差和对参考面气压的偏差.模式还加入了新的Zhang-Mcfarlane对流参数化方案,并对其参数计算方法进行调整和改进.此外还对模式边界层处理、雪盖计算等进行了改进.上述模式在实测的月海温作为下边界条件的情况下运行52年(1949年9月-2001年10月).然后对运行结果中的季节内振荡的状况进行分析,主要结果如下:NCAR CAM3模式模拟热带季节内振荡的能力很差,主要表现在模拟的热带季节内振荡强度很弱;东移波与西移波的强度很接近,而实际观测中是东移波的能量要远大于西移波;季节内振荡的季节变化及空间分布与观测相差很远.北京气候中心大气模式(BCC AGCM2.0.1)模拟热带季节内振荡的能力有显著的提高.模拟的热带季节内振荡很明显,强度接近于观测结果;模拟东移波的能量要大于西移波,这与观测较为一致;季节内振荡的季节变化和空间分布与观测相差不大.总的来看,BCC AGCM2.0.1模式在模拟热带季节内振荡方面比CAM3模式有明显的改进.     

赤道东太平洋海温异常对6月中国南方降水影响的数值模拟

利用NCAR CAM3.0大气环流模式,研究6月长江流域及以南地区降水对前期赤道东太平洋海温异常的响应.首先,在赤道东太平洋1997年9月至1998年6月实际海温异常基础上构造的理想化海温异常,依据持续时间不同叠加相应的海温异常值在气候平均外强迫场上,设计第1组敏感性试验;其次,在上组试验中的前期9月至次年6月持续有海温异常的敏感性试验基础上,改变加入模式中的海温异常强度,设计不同强度海温异常对大气环流和降水影响的第2组试验;最后将上述海温异常值取反加入相应的赤道东太平洋区域,设计一组拉尼娜事件的试验.以(25°-30°N,110°-120°E)区域平均的降水距平值代表整个长江流域及其以南地区降水,模拟结果表明:(1)不同的持续时间强迫得到的降水距平峰值在11月,次年6月其值为最小,整体上降水距平有随持续时间的缩短而减小的趋势.表明前期秋季赤道东太平洋较强的厄尔尼诺事件发生时对6月降水有重要影响,证实了前期诊断分析的结论;(2)模式中加入不同强度的厄尔尼诺事件,在长江流域及其以南地区均有明显的降水正距平(最小降水距平为0.287 mm/d,最大为1.98 mm/d),降水正距平范围与实际情况接近,表明模式在模拟该地区异常降水时有较好的稳定性,模拟结果值得信任.另外模拟的降水距平有随着海温异常强度的增强而增大的趋势;(3)当模式中加入不同强度拉尼娜事件的海温异常时,模拟结果不稳定,与厄尔尼诺的影响结果不完全相反,与前期诊断分析结果不符.而只有在拉尼娜相当强时模式才能在长江流域及以南地区模拟出一定范围的降水负距平.     

统计预报海温场驱动的CAM3.1模式预报试验

基于动力气候模式进行月一季尺度预报的“两步法”思想,提出一种新的预报海温场统计模型,并以该统计模型预报的海温场驱动NCAR CAM3.1模式对1981-2000年月时间尺度的东亚500 hPa高度距平场进行客观回报试验;在此基础上,提出了对预报结果的订正方法。结果表明:统计预报海温模型的预报海温场能够反映出全球海温空间分布的基本特征,并对表征ENSO事件的Ni?o3.4区海温变化的预报能力较强。该统计模型预报的海温场驱动的CAM3.1模式可以较好地预报出东亚500 hPa环流的主要分布特征,试验表明:适当的统计订正方法可以在一定程度上提高CAM3.1模式对东亚夏季500 hPa环流背景的预报技巧。     

显微构造研究在新城金矿成矿深度测算中的应用

以山东新城金矿为例,探讨了显微构造研究在构造类型及期次判别、构造变形测量、构造差应力换算以及成矿深度测算中的应用,并首次测算出新城金矿- 530 m中段的成矿深度为1781.29 m.     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

Preliminary Analysis of Climatic Variation during the Last 39 Years in China

The preliminary analysis of climatic variation in China during the last 39 years has been made in this paper. The results show that although the global climate is getting warmer, some parts of China are cooling. The warming only occurs in Northeast, North and the west part of Northwest China while the areas between about 35°N and Nanling Mountain, east of the Tibetan Plateau in China are getting cooler. The cooling centers are located in Sichuan, the south part of Shaanxi and the north part of Yunnan respectively. According to the theory of greenhouse effect, there are much precipitation at low and high latitudes and less precipitation in middle latitude. However, the precipitation in the most parts of China has been decreased, especially in North and Northwest China.     

厄尼诺现象对热带大气环流影响的研究

应用NMC 17年热带格点风及OLR资料，对比分析了厄尼诺年与反厄尼诺年热带环流的差异，发现厄尼诺现象使多年平均位于西太平洋上的最强盛的对流加热区东移到中太平洋，太平洋热带地区东西向对流加热梯度减弱，造成中东太平洋上的Walker环流及西太平洋与印度洋上的反Walker环流场比常年减弱；同时，厄尼诺现象也使中东太平洋地区经向反Hadley环流及美洲大陆上空的Hadley环流减弱。     

基本气流对热带波动传播影响的数值试验

本文研究了在各种定常基本状态下大气对位于热带及中纬度地区的定常强迫源的响应。进一步证实了东风基本气流将限制热带扰动向中高纬度的传播,从而也抑制了两半球的相互作用;西风基本气流则有利于热带波动向中纬度传播,有利于中纬度扰动通过热带向另一半球传播。赤道地区基本气流随经度的变化对罗斯贝波的传播也有重大影响,波动能量将在基本气流辐合的地区累积并向中纬度发射。因此赤道西风辐合最大的地区就是热带与中纬度相互作用以及两半球相互作用最明显的地区。应用实测风场作基本气流所进行的实验表明,冬季与夏季热带波动的传播特征,两半球相互作用的状况均有明显差异。