网箱养殖生态学研究进展

网箱养殖生态学是水产养殖生态学的重要分支,是研究网箱养殖生物及养殖活动与养殖水体环境相护作用关系、依据当地环境状况为养殖设施建设及养殖活动管理提供理论指导的科学。本文简述了网箱养殖活动的历史沿革,重点介绍了网箱养殖生态学在养殖水环境管理、养殖容量评估和深远海养殖领域的研究进展。在此基础上,对网箱养殖生态学的未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为水产养殖活动的相关研究提供参考。     

温度和盐度胁迫下虹鳟和硬头鳟抗应激能力的比较

为了查明虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和硬头鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)海上养殖抗应激能力的差异,本研究将虹鳟((52.14±7.22)g)和硬头鳟((54.38±6.32)g)幼鱼的环境介质从水温16℃、盐度30突降至温度(13、10和7℃)和盐度(27、24、21)的不同组合环境,在突变前(0h)和突变后2、6、12、24和48h采集幼鱼血清样品,分析其抗氧化酶活力、丙二醛(MDA)和皮质醇(COR)含量,比较虹鳟和硬头鳟应对温度、盐度胁迫时的抗应激能力。研究发现:胁迫开始后,虹鳟和硬头鳟幼鱼血清中抗氧化酶活力和MDA含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在胁迫24h后,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力和MDA含量出现了回升;虹鳟血清COR含量始终上升,而硬头鳟血清COR含量到在胁迫后期开始下降。上述指标在胁迫过程中均显著高于对照组(P0.05),表明温度、盐度突变48h后虹鳟和硬头鳟幼鱼仍处于应激状态。温度和盐度的交互作用多出现在胁迫12h内,对虹鳟上述指标的影响明显(P0.05),对硬头鳟的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT、GSH-PX、COR影响明显(P0.05);且硬头鳟血清CAT和GSH-PX活性显著高于虹鳟(P0.05),MDA和COR含量则显著低于虹鳟(P0.05)。而在温度、盐度无显著交互影响时,温度效应较盐度更加明显。本实验结果初步表明:海上养殖遭遇台风暴雨天气时,硬头鳟抗应激能力强于虹鳟。     

五种不同添加物对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构影响的研究

本文研究了不同饲料添加物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道菌群结构的影响。实验设计了5种不同的饲料添加物,分别为破壁酵母(A,添加量为0.6%)、中草药提取物(B,添加量为0.3%)、柠檬酸(C,添加量为0.3%)、益生菌(D,蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus BC-01,添加量为109cfu/kg)和氟苯尼考(E,添加量为15mg/kg),以投喂实验用基础饲料组作为对照(F)。每个处理组分别设置了5个重复,每个重复10尾虾,实验进行了42d。采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了饲料中不同添加物对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构的影响,研究结果表明:凡纳滨对虾肠道内菌群归属于γ-变形菌纲、黄杆菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲,它们分别为埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、Tamlana属和Formosa属。A、B、C和D处理组以埃希氏菌属为主要优势菌,E组和对照组以弧菌属为主要优势菌。其中,对照组中弧菌的相对含量最高为37.74%,其次是E组,相对含量为23.79%。总体比较,添加中草药提取物、柠檬酸及芽孢杆菌处理组对虾肠道菌群结构相似,而与添加破壁酵母、氟苯尼考和对照组的细菌群落结构有所差异。饲料中添加适量的破壁酵母、中草药提取物、柠檬酸、芽孢杆菌及氟苯尼考均对凡纳滨对虾肠道内的弧菌属细菌有一定的抑制作用,其中以添加0.6%的破壁酵母效果最佳,可有效抑制对虾肠道中的弧菌属细菌。     

饲料中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清非特异性免疫指标及抗病力的影响

通过42天饲喂添加有不同浓度凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)NJ1701(5.0×10~9、1.0×10~(10)、5.0×10~(10)和1.0×10~(11)cfu/kg)的对虾饲料,研究凝结芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长、血清非特异性免疫指标和对副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)抗病力的影响。研究表明:各组对虾的成活率均在90%以上,各处理组间差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各处理组凡纳滨对虾的体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和表观消化率均显著提高(P0.05),其中以凝结芽孢杆菌添加浓度5.0×10~9~1.0×10~(10)cfu/kg时效果较佳。不同凝结芽孢杆菌添加浓度对对虾血清非特异性免疫酶活性影响的差异较大。其中,1.0×10~(10)cfu/kg添加浓度下,对虾血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)、总一氧化氮合酶(TNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5.0×10~(10)cfu/kg添加浓度下,对虾血清的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于其他处理组和对照组(P0.05)。添加凝结芽孢杆菌不影响血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,血清iNOS活性则随添加浓度的提高而升高,以1.0×10~(11)cfu/kg添加水平下最高。副溶血弧菌攻毒后,5.0×10~9和1.0×10~(11)cfu/kg处理组(分别为40.0%和13.3%)对虾累计死亡率显著低于对照组(66.7%)(P0.05),但1.0×10~(10)和5.0×10~(10)cfu/kg处理组(53.3%)与对照组差异不大(P0.05)。各处理组间比较,以1.0×10~(11)cfu/kg处理组对虾累积死亡率最低。研究结果表明,饲喂凝结芽孢杆菌可有效促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,提高其血清非特异性免疫水平和对副溶血弧菌的抗病力。以特定生长率为评价指标,凝结芽孢杆菌的适宜添加量为1.0×10~(10)cfu/kg。     

光谱和体重对刺参耗氧率和排氨率的影响

实验采用室内受控的方法,研究了不同光色下,大(73.32±1.73) g、中(46.71±0.15) g和小(25.67±0.25) g 3种规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的耗氧率和排氨率的变化.实验采用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝色和对照组(白色)6种光照处理.研究结果表明:光谱对刺参的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P<0.05),3种规格刺参的耗氧率趋势相同:白色＞红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色＞橙色;3种规格刺参的排氨率有相似的变化趋势:白色＞红色＞橙色、绿色、黄色、蓝色.刺参的体重与单位体重耗氧率及排氨率之间的回归关系均可以表示为R=aW~b,耗氧率a值在0.005 9～0.012 1之间,b值范围是1.119 7～1.214 6,排氨率a值的变动范围为0.004 2～0.02,b值的变动范围为0.455 3～0.867 8.这说明光谱对刺参的耗氧率和排氨率有显著性的影响,丰富了刺参的基础研究,对于刺参养殖生产有一定的指导意义.     

Effects of salinity fluctuation amplitudes on growth, osmolarity, Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck

The effects of various salinity fluctuation amplitudes (2, 4, 6 and 8) on the growth, osmolarity, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis cultured in seawater with a salinity of 20 were studied. The results show that weight gain in the salinity fluctuation treatments was better than that in control; in particular, the weight gain of treatments S4 and S0, at 231.8% and 196.3%, respectively, was significantly different (P<0.05). The hemolymph osmolarity of treatments S0, S2, S4, S6 and S8 was 635.4, 630.8, 623.6, 614.4 and 600.3 mOsm/kg, respectively, and decreased with increasing salinity fluctuation amplitude. The level of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in gills of F. chinensis was higher than that in hepatopancreas, but there were no significant differences among all treatments, either in gills or hepatopancreas (P>0.05). The relative level of Hsp70 in treatment S4 was 48.4% and 40.4% higher than control in muscle and eyestalks, respectively, with the highest values being recorded under a salinity fluctuation amplitude of 4.     

程序化设计的简并引物克隆半滑舌鳎CYP17基因

采用1种新的简并引物设计方法--CODEHOP法来克隆半滑舌鳎CYP17基因.该法结合NCBI、Blastp、BlockMaker、CODEHOP等生物信息学资源和DNAMAN、Oligo6.0等生物软件,程序性设计半滑舌鳎CYP17基因的CODEHOP引物,从半滑舌鳎卵巢组织中成功克隆了CYP17基因,该基因片段与其它物种的CYP17家族具有较高的同源性,经鉴定,该基因属于整个脊椎动物的CYP17基因群,尤其是鱼类亚群.实验结果表明,程序性设计的简并引物较传统简并引物特异性更高,假阳性率少,更有利于实验成功.     

遮蔽物对棘皮动物影响的行为生态学研究进展

棘皮动物作为海洋底层生物,对海洋生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用,特别是目前海参在海水养殖业中的重要地位,其生态习性及行为生态学特性的研究日益受到关注。本文综述了国内外海洋棘皮动物行为生态学研究现状,着重介绍了遮蔽物对棘皮动物聚集等行为特性的影响、作用机制及外界环境因素对聚集效果影响等内容,并进一步探讨了不同生境下棘皮动物行为特性的差异。在此基础上,结合海参养殖现状,提出了不同环境因子下的棘皮动物运动节律、作用机制及其行为生态学理论在生产实践中的应用等棘皮动物行为生态学研究新方向。     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE FEEDING CAPACITY OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

Study of the feeding capacity of silver carp and bighead carp by means of experimental ecologyshowed that the filtering frequency of silver carp was slightly greater than that of bighead carp,but thatthe latter's suction volume was much greater than the former's so the filtering rate(filtering frequency mul-tiplied by the suction volume)of silver carp was smaller than that of bighead carp.The filtering efficien-cy of silver carp for phytoplankton was greater than that of bighead carp for them.The removal ratesof silver carp for phytoplankton were greater than those of bighead carp,but for zooplankton the formerwere smaller than the latter.For food particles about 70 μm both removal rates were almost equal.The feeding habits of the two species in natural waters is also discussed in the paper.     

Studies of community structure and seasonal dynamics of planktonic copepods in saline-alkaline ponds

Abstracts Species abundance and seasonal succession of copepods in saline-alkaline ponds were studied in Zhaodian Fish Farm, Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, from 5 April 1997 to 1 September 1998. The results indicated that in the conditions of salinity ranging from 1.36 to 20 g/L, total alkalinity changing from 2.4 to 7.2 mmol/L and pH 8-9, zooplankton in saline-alkaline ponds was composed of freshwater salt-tolerated species or halophile species, some of which are halobiont species and usually occurs in freshwater. In our study, copepods were predominant in many fish-culture ponds and all control ponds without fishes in spring, late autumn and early winter. Dominant species of copepods were Sinocalanus tenellus, Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taihokuensis. The biomass of copepods in the control ponds without fishes was higher than that of the fish-culture ponds.