不同盐度驯化方式对虹鳟和硬头鳟幼鱼存活和生长的影响

以初始体重分别为(20.19±0.32)g陆封型虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和(20.11±0.47)g溯河型硬头鳟(O.mykiss)幼鱼为实验材料,以淡水组S0为对照,研究了S2(+2/d)、S4(+4/d)、S6(+6/d)和S8(+8/d)4种盐度驯化方式(即每日升盐幅度分别为2、4、6和8,直至30),对2种鱼的存活和生长的影响,比较了2种幼鱼对盐度变化的适应能力。经过40 d的实验发现:(1)2种鱼的存活率均以S0组最高(100%),随日升盐幅的增大而下降,其中,S2组下降了23%～28%,S8组下降了62%;4种盐度驯化组硬头鳟的成活率高于虹鳟;(2)2种鱼的生长皆以S0组最高,随日升盐幅的增大而下降;S2组虹鳟与S0组差异不明显,但高于其他3个盐度驯化组(与S8组差异达到显著水平);4种盐度驯化组硬头鳟的生长显著低于对照组,S2和S4组的生长显著高于S6和S8组;S2组虹鳟的生长显著高于S2组的硬头鳟;(3)2种鱼的摄食量(FC)皆以S0组最高,随日升盐幅的增大而下降;S2组虹鳟的FC与S0组差异不明显,但显著高于S6和S8组;4种盐度驯化组硬头鳟的FC显著低于S0组,S2和S4组显著高于S6和S8组;相应盐度驯化组的虹鳟和硬头鳟的FC差异不明显(S6除外);(4)2种鱼的饲料转化率(FCE)皆以S0组最高,随日升盐幅的增大而降低;S2组虹鳟的FCE显著低于S0组,但显著高于其他3个盐度驯化组;S2组硬头鳟的FCE显著高于S6和S8组,与S0组差异不明显;S0和S2组硬头鳟的FCE显著低于S0和S2组虹鳟。实验结果表明:日升盐幅为2至海水盐度30的驯化方式对20 g左右的虹鳟和硬头鳟的存活皆产生影响,对虹鳟的生长影响不大,但显著降低了硬头鳟的生长,这些影响与摄食量、饲料转化效率发生变化有关。研究表明,20 g左右的虹鳟和硬头鳟不适合入海养殖。     

敌百虫对虾池生物的毒性

研究了敌百虫对青岛大扁藻、三角褐指藻、球等鞭金藻和海洋原甲藻等4种海洋微藻及天津厚蟹、脊尾白虾和克氏纺锤水蚤等3种野生甲壳类 ,以及中国对虾、缢蛏和台湾红罗非鱼等3种养殖生物的毒性。研究结果表明 :敌百虫在低浓度下对海洋微藻的生长没有明显影响 ,在一定浓度范围内甚至有促进作用 ,但超过一定浓度范围能完全抑制海洋微藻的生长。各种海洋微藻对敌百虫的敏感性不同。对3种野生甲壳类的半致死浓度分别为 :天津厚蟹LTD50(96h)为1.25×10-6;脊尾白虾LTD50(12h)为0.05×10-6;克氏纺锤水蚤LTD50 (48h)为0.063×10-6。敌百虫对3种养殖生物的半致死浓度分别为 :中国对虾LTD50(48h)为0.060×10-6;缢蛏LTD50(72h)为18.79×10-6;台湾红罗非鱼LTD50(72h)为36.35×10-6。文中还对敌百虫作为对虾病毒病预防药物的价值进行了探讨。     

温度对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

实验研究温度对不同个体大小缢蛏耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验结果表明 ,在实验温度(15～ 30℃ )条件下 ,缢蛏的耗氧率 (O) [mg/ h·个 ]和排氨率 (N ) [μg/ h·个 ]与缢蛏软体部干重(W)呈明显的幂函数关系 ;温度的上升使得缢蛏的耗氧率 (OS) [mg/ g· h]、排氨率 (Na) [μg/ g· h]均增大 ;两者之间的比值 (原子数 O∶ N)在 2 0℃时最大 ,随着温度的继续升高其值逐步减小。耗氧率 (O)、排氨率 (N)与温度 (T)、缢蛏软体部干重 (W)二元线形回归方程分别是 :O=- 0 .370 3+0 .32 0 4 W+ 0 .0 2 98T,N =- 15 4 .0 6 77+ 6 9.74 88W+ 7.9332 T。复相关系数 r分别为 0 .9773和0 .92 2 8;F检验表明 ,两个回归方程均极显著。     

施加有机降解菌制剂虾池底质中有机碳和总氮的变化

2001年7月至10月，进行了有机降解菌制剂改良底质的实用实验，测定了底质有机污染指标：有机碳和总氮。结果显示，有机碳未出现积累，对照组与处理组差异显（P＜0．001），有机降解菌降解有机碳效果显；总氮出现积累现象，处理组与实验组之间差异不显；碳氮比在底质中呈下降趋势。     

Effects of photoperiod on daily activity rhythm of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In nature, Apostichopus japonicus exhibits a behavioral characteristic of emerging at night and sheltering during the day. Hence, it was commonly believed that longer and darker light conditions are better for a population of A. japonicus. In aquaculture situations therefore, animals have commonly been cultured without lighting, especially during juvenile-hatching culture. However, how the length of darkness each day affects A. japonicus and what the mechanism is of behavioral response of A. japonicus to different photoperiods remain unclear, and are specifically addressed in this study. We applied nine photoperiod treatments (light:dark (LD) cycles at 0:24, 3:21, 6:18, 9:15, 12:12, 15:9, 18:6, 21:3, and 24:0 under 500 lx) to 60 individuals (29.73 ± 0.23 g) per treatment (with 3 replicates). The environmental conditions were set as: water temperature = 16.9 ± 0.3°C, dissolved oxygen>6.0 mg/L, ammonia<0.3 mg/L, pH = 7.8-8.2, and salinity = 30-32. Under experimental conditions of continuous darkness as well as continuous light, cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus (viz. the animals emerged and fed at night and sheltered during the day) were observed. However, they spent more and less time, respectively, moving and feeding under continuous darkness and continuous light, than those under a natural light cycle. Under photoperiods with 6-12 h of light, the animals showed one sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior transitions. These behavior transitions appeared to be governed by some internal physiological factors and induced by daily light variation. The behavior of the animals was significantly affected by different photoperiods, and the distribution rate (DR) of the animals emerging at "daytime" increased with lengthening "light time" (except for the LD 3:21 cycle). We also found that there was no significant difference in mean DR per day under LD cycles of 6:18, 9:15, 15:9, and 12:12. Mean DRs per day were significantly lower for these photoperiods, than for those under LD cycles of 0:24 and 3:21, and significantly higher than for those under LD cycles of 18:6, 21:3 and 24:0. These results imply that 6-15 h light per day were the similar photoperiods to natural sunlight. From the viewpoint of activity and feeding behaviors, these might be the optimal photoperiods for rearing A. japonicus.     

高温刺激对刺参浮游期幼体存活率及Hsp70表达量的影响

设计不同温度(21.5,26,28和30℃),对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)囊胚期、原肠期和耳状幼体期幼体进行热激处理,热激45 min后,将幼体在21.5℃条件下继续培养至耳状幼体后期,计算刺参幼体的存活率,并用蛋白杂交方法测定幼体Hsp70的表达量。结果表明,高温刺激对幼体的存活有显著性影响,各时期幼体的存活率均随热激温度的升高而降低,原肠期的存活率要高于囊胚期和耳状幼体时期。原肠期幼体Hsp70表达量要比囊胚期和耳状幼体时期高,这表明在发育过程中Hsp70表达量与幼体存活率具有相关性。     

Growth inhibition to three red tide microalgae by extracts of Ulva pertusa

1 INTRODUCTION In recent decades, red tides that induced by in- creasing eutrophication occur frequently in coastal areas worldwide. This has caused serious problems in marine environment, aquaculture industries and human health (Qi et al., 1993; Horner e…     

草鱼混养系统细菌数量变动和群落功能多样性研究

为了解草鱼混养系统不同养殖模式的细菌数量变动和群落功能多样性,采用平板菌落计数法和吖啶橙直接镜检计数法(AODC)研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)混养系统水体和底泥的异养菌和总菌的数量,并应用BIOLOG生态微板对3个模式中水体和底泥的微生物群落功能多样性进行探讨。结果表明,3个模式的水体中异养菌数和总菌数均随月份呈先下降后上升的趋势,而底泥中异养菌数量和总菌数则为先升高后降低再升高的趋势。不同模式比较,草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养系统(GSC)中水体和底泥中异养菌数和总菌数要显著高于其它模式(P<0.05)。BIOLOG生态微板实验结果显示,不同养殖模式环境中细菌群落对碳源利用以及细菌群落多样性均存在差异。随着养殖时间延长,GSC三元混养模式水体和底泥中细菌功能多样性和代谢活性均显著高于其它模式(P<0.05)。研究表明,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophythalmichthys molitrix)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的三元合理混养使得系统中微生物的结构和功能得到优化,细菌群落的组成与代谢功能更趋于丰富化和多样化。     

Effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of the red sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

Three color variants of the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus are recognized,the red one is highly valued in the market. When the red variant is cultured in ponds in China,its body color changes from red to celadon in 3–6 months. The effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of this animal were investigated. Juveniles of red A. japonicus were cultured in cages suspended at a range of water depths(20,50,100,150 and 200 cm). The specific growth rate of red sea cucumbers was significantly higher in animals cultured at deeper water layers compared with those grown at shallowers. Body weights were greatest for sea cucumbers cultured at a depth of 150 cm and their survival rates were highest at a depth of 200 cm. A scale to evaluate the color of red sea cucumbers(R value) was developed using a Pantone standard color card. All stocked animals in the 9-month trial retained a red color,however the red body color was much more intense in sea cucumbers cultured at shallower depths,while animals suspended in deeper layers became pale. In a separate trial,A. japonicus were cultured in suspended cages with seven different colored substrates. Substrate color had a significant effect on the growth and body-color of red A. japonicus. The yield were greatest for A. japonicus cultured on a yellow substrate,followed by green white orange red black and blue. All sea cucumbers in the 7-month trial retained a red color,although the red was most intense(highest R value) in animals cultured on a blue substrate and pale(lowest R value) for animals cultured on a green substrate.     

中国对虾生物能量学研究 Ⅱ.温度和体重对能量收支的影响

于１９９６年５月～９月,以日本刺沙蚕（Ｎｅａｎｔｈｅｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）为饵料,测定３种规格（０．２７１±０．０４１ｇ;３．５０９±０．３０１ｇ;１１．０６２±１．０２７ｇ）池塘养殖中国对虾在２０℃、２５℃和３０℃水温下的能量收支。实验结果表明,温度和体重对摄食能有显著影响,不同规格中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）对摄食能的分配比例无显著差异,温度是影响能量分配的主要因素。在３个温度下生长能、排粪能、排泄能、蜕壳能和呼吸耗能的平均能量分配比例分别为：２９．０１％,４．５１％,４．１７％,８．０５％,５５．１６％,２５．３２％,２．７２％,８．７２％,３．５０％,５９．８５％和１５．５２％,２．３１％,９．５２％,２．９６％,６８．７１％。随温度升高呼吸耗能比例增大,生长能的比例减小源于呼吸能的增加。