黄河内蒙古河段非汛期和汛期冲淤量计算方法

基于多沙河流“多来多排”的经验输沙公式,建立了考虑上站来沙量、前期河床累计淤积量、临界输沙水量及干支流泥沙粒径影响的非汛期和汛期输沙量一般表达式。在此基础上,根据黄河内蒙古河段1952-2010年实测的水沙资料,将其应用于黄河内蒙古河段巴彦高勒—三湖河口河段、三湖河口—头道拐河段以及巴彦高勒—头道拐全河段非汛期和汛期输沙量的计算,并应用输沙率法计算了各河段1952-2010年的非汛期和汛期冲淤量及其相应的累计冲淤量。通过输沙量、冲淤量和累计冲淤量计算值与实测值的对比表明,各河段非汛期和汛期输沙量、冲淤量及相应的累计淤积量计算值与实测值的吻合较好,其中非汛期和汛期输沙量计算值和实测值之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.93和0.97;非汛期和汛期冲淤量计算值与实测值之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.80和0.90;非汛期和汛期累计冲淤量之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.94和0.99。结果表明,就吻合程度而言,累计冲淤量优于年冲淤量,汛期优于非汛期。本文建立的冲淤量方法能够很好模拟该河段长历时的非汛期和汛期冲淤过程,可为黄河内蒙古河段输沙量及长期淤积发展趋势的分析提供科学依据。     

张家界甘溪砾石沉积物粒度的空间变化及其原因

以往研究沉积物粒度分布规律时,主要局限于砂质沉积物,至多涉及细砾,对于卵砾、卵石、漂石等粗大砾石沉积物的粒度分布规律很少涉及。以张家界山地河流甘溪现代砾石沉积物为研究对象,样品的颗粒粒径介于23~663 mm,分析了河床、心滩和河岸沉积物样品的累积频率分布曲线。结果表明,这些河流砾石沉积物具有较好的统计规律和空间变化趋势,其分布特征可以用累积频率曲线来表达,一般呈现出清晰的两段式或三段式分布特征,是对不同水位洪水动力的响应。粒度参数反映出这些砾石沉积物具有较好的分选性和球度。河道砾石的中值粒径沿程变小,反映了河流水动力沿程变小的规律。岩壁崩塌的砂岩块体短期难以受到流水的充分改造,使河流沉积物的峰态呈现多样化;漂石及卵石缝隙间拦截了低水位洪水所携带的部分较细砾石,引起河道砾石沉积物呈现负偏。该项研究对于山地河流巨大碎屑沉积物的定量研究具有启示作用。     

黄河下游河道断面形态参数变化及其水沙过程响应

基于1965—2015年黄河下游花园口、高村、泺口站的逐年水文和汛前河道断面的实测资料,分析了河道断面形态参数（河道断面面积,河道宽深比等）的变化,以及对河道断面形态与来水来沙间的关系做出定量化分析。结果表明：主槽断面形态参数与水沙搭配以及前期断面形态密切相关,沿程3个断面形态参数调整方式存在显著差异。河宽调整幅度沿程减小,辫状河段变幅最大,尤其在1986—1999年,辫状河段萎缩程度最为严重,其次为弯曲河段,顺直河段横向调整幅度最小。受到前期断面形态的影响,辫状河段河道断面调整方式既有横向展宽（萎缩）又有垂直加深（淤积）;弯曲河段河道宽深比与流量呈较弱的正相关关系,具有横向和垂向的调整方式;而顺直河段的宽深比与流量呈负相关关系,与来沙系数呈正相关关系,河道以垂直加深（淤积）为主。     

1986-2015年小浪底水库运行前后黄河下游主槽调整规律

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.     

1986-2015年小浪底水库运行前后黄河下游主槽调整规律

基于黄河下游1986-2015年的水沙和沿程实测大断面数据等资料,统计分析了小浪底水库运行前后下游主槽断面形态参数（河宽、水深、河相系数）的调整过程。结果表明：1986-1999年小浪底运行前主槽持续淤积萎缩,主槽河宽和水深均减小,河宽与水深调整强度高村以上段河宽大于水深、断面河相系数明显减小,高村以下段河宽小于水深、河相系数小幅增加;2000-2015年小浪底水库运行后主槽持续冲刷,主槽河宽和水深增加,沿程各段水深调整强度均大于河宽,河相系数减小;各段断面形态调整方式淤积期表现为艾山以上游荡段和过渡段既有横向萎缩又有垂向淤高、艾山以下弯曲段以垂向淤高为主,冲刷期游荡段和过渡段为横向展宽和垂向冲深、弯曲段以垂向冲深为主;河宽淤积期减小速率明显大于冲刷期增加速率,水深淤积期减小速率略小于冲刷期增加速率,经过一轮淤积和冲刷后,断面形态向窄深方向发展;主槽断面形态调整规律与水沙条件密切相关,断面河相系数除游荡段淤积期与流量呈正相关、与含沙量呈负相关外,游荡段冲刷期、过渡段和弯曲段淤积与冲刷不同阶段,河相系数与流量呈负相关,与含沙量呈正相关。