瓦里关及西宁PM_(10)和多环芳烃谱分布的观测研究

为了研究青海瓦里关和西宁PM10中多环芳烃污染特征及其来源,于2007年5月24日～6月1日在青藏高原东北部的瓦里关大气本底站和青海气象台进行了观测并各采集7组气溶胶样品,分析了PM10质量浓度、粒径分布和多环芳烃谱分布特征。结果表明,瓦里关PM10日均浓度为24.85μg.m-3,粒径分布呈三模态;西宁PM10日均浓度为65.25μg.m-3,呈明显双模态。瓦里关积聚态颗粒物质量百分比大于西宁观测点。瓦里关PM10中多环芳烃含量远低于同季节西宁地区,浓度值为8.38ng.m-3;高分子量的PAHs主要集中在细颗粒上,而粗颗粒上低分子量PAHs相对较多。两地区高分子量多环芳烃均为单峰分布。后向轨迹分析表明,瓦里关PM10中PAHs污染与西宁市以及黄河河谷工业带方向的输送密切相关。     

Microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the east coast of Leizhou Peninsula, China

Microphysical properties of sea fog and correlations of these properties were analyzed based on the measurements from a comprehensive field campaign carried out from 15 March to 18 April 2010 on Donghai Island (21°35’’N, 110°32’5’’E) in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China. There were four types of circula- tion pattern in favor of sea fog events in this area identified, and the synoptic weather pattern was found to influence the microphysical properties of the sea fogs. Those influenced by a warm sector in front of a cold front or the anterior part of low pressure were found to usually have a much longer duration, lower visibility, greater liquid water content, and bigger fog droplet sizes. A fog droplet number concentration of N≥1 cm-3 and liquid water content of L≥0.001 g m-3 can be used to define sea fogs in this area. The type of fog droplet size distribution of the sea fog events was mostly monotonically-decreasing, with the spectrum width always being >20 μm. The significant temporal variation of N was due in large part to the number concentration variation of fog droplets with radius <3 μm. A strong collection process appeared when droplet spectrum width was >10 μm, which subsequently led to the sudden increase of droplet spectrum width. The dominant physical process during the sea fog events was activation with subsequent condensational growth or reversible evaporation processes, but turbulent mixing also played an important role. The collection process occurred, but was not vital.     

半干旱草原下垫面能量平衡特征及土壤热通量对能量闭合率的影响

土壤热通量在半干旱草原下垫面能量平衡研究中极为重要,土壤热通量估计不够准确是导致地表能量不平衡的一个重要原因。利用2008年6—9月锡林郭勒草原主生长期地表辐射、通量和土壤温度梯度观测资料,研究中纬度半干旱草原下垫面地表能量平衡特征。首先,在分析能量平衡各分量月平均日变化特征的基础上,通过对土壤热流量板观测的5 cm深度土壤热通量(G)的相位前移,研究了土壤热通量相位滞后对地表能量平衡产生的影响;其次,利用谐波分析方法,通过计算地表土壤热通量(Gs),分析了地表到热流量板之间的土壤热量储存对地表能量平衡的影响。结果表明:(1)将土壤热通量相位前移30 min,湍流通量与可利用能量(Rn-G)线性回归的斜率从0.835增加到0.842,地表能量闭合率提高了0.7%,但仍有15.8%的能量不闭合;(2)考虑了地表到热流量板之间的土壤热量储存之后,湍流通量与可利用能量之间的回归斜率达到0.979,能量不闭合程度仅为2.1%。     

MULTI-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY OF FOGGY DAYS OCCURRING IN NANJING IN DECEMBER 2007

Based on the number of foggy days in Nanjing in December from 1980 to 2011, we analyzed the surface temperature and atmospheric circulation characteristics of foggy years and less-foggy years. Positive anomalies of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) were found to weaken the East Asian trough, which is not conducive to the southward migration of cold air. Simultaneously, this atmospheric condition favors stability as a result of a high-pressure anomaly from the middle Yangtze River Delta region. A portion of La Ni?a events increases the amount of water vapor in the South China Sea region, so this phenomenon could provide the water vapor condition required for foggy days in Nanjing. Based on the data in December 2007, which contained the greatest number of foggy days for the years studied, the source of fog vapor in Nanjing was primarily from southern China and southwest Taiwan Island based on a synoptic scale study. The water vapor in southern China and in the southwestern flow increased, and after a period of 2-3 days, the humidity in Nanjing increased. Simultaneously, the water vapor from the southwestern of Taiwan Island was directly transported to Nanjing by the southerly wind. Therefore, these two areas are the most important sources of water vapor that results in heavy fog in Nanjing. Using the bivariate Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) mode on the surface temperature and precipitable water vapor, the first mode was found to reflect the seasonal variation from early winter to late winter, which reduced the surface temperature on a large scale. The second mode was found to reflect a large-scale, northward, warm and humid airflow that was accompanied by the enhancement of the subtropical high, particularly between December 15-21, which is primarily responsible for the consecutive foggy days in Nanjing.     

南京信息工程大学60年来在大气物理学领域的若干重要研究进展

着重对南京信息工程大学建校60年来在云雾理化特性及微结构、冰雹形成微物理机制、电线积冰机理、人工影响天气理论与实践、大气气溶胶的理化特性及其对云降水的影响、大气边界层物理以及雷电过程等大气物理学领域的几个主要方面所开展的科学研究工作做简要回顾.     

宁南冰雹胚胎的研究

本文对宁南山区5个雹暴的395个冰雹做了切片分析,结果表明:霰胚占66.4％,冻滴胚占33.6％。通过10个冰雹的同位素氘和晶体分析发现,绝大多数霰胚的生长温度为-12℃—-23℃,冻滴胚形成的温度为-8℃—-14℃。霰胚的生长高度比冻滴胚形成的高度平均高1km以上。     

50年来中国沙尘暴的多时间尺度变化特征

采用中国强沙尘暴序列及其支撑数据集,对1958—2007年中国沙尘暴的时间序列进行小波分析,揭示了中国沙尘暴多时间尺度的复杂结构和总体变化趋势,给出不同时间尺度下沙尘暴变化的突变点,并对未来变化趋势进行了展望。结果表明：中国沙尘暴呈明显振荡式减少趋势,距平值在1985-1986年出现转折;50a中沙尘暴变化呈现从多到少的振荡形式,其减少趋势的振荡变化主要受6—8a和2～3a尺度变化的叠加影响,6～8a尺度变化出现了4次突变;1966、1985和2001年沙尘暴出现较强的变化是多时间尺度叠加的结果。2008年后的10～15a中,沙尘暴总体减少趋势将减缓,其平均值在1958-2007年平均值和1983-2007年平均值之间,2011年前后可能出现一个接近2001和2002年平均情况的峰值,随后仍和缓减少。     

贺兰山地区沙尘暴发生次数的变化趋势

通过统计分析贺兰山东、西两侧各6个气象站的沙尘暴观测资料,结果表明,4月和5月分别是贺兰山东、西两侧沙尘暴的高发期,盐池和拐子湖是东、西两侧的高发中心。沙尘暴发生日数的总趋势是减小的,但仍有3个站沙尘暴发生日数有增加的趋势。     

冻滴微物理过程的分档数值模拟试验研究

霰和冻滴是深对流降水的主要来源。由于二者密度差异造成的不同下落末速度必然会导致云微物理过程的变化以及降水时空分布的改变。我们在以色列特拉维夫大学二维轴对称对流云全分档模式的基础上,将水成物粒子从34档增加到40档,修改了霰和雪的密度,加入冻滴分档处理的微物理过程,发展了一个包括液滴、冰晶、雪、霰和冻滴更为详细的云微物理分档模式。利用改进后的模式模拟了一次理想的强对流天气过程,分析了改进模式与原模式模拟的云微物理量场以及水成物粒子的时空分布特征,模拟结果表明:（1）由于冻滴的产生,较大的下落末速度导致在云内-3℃至-8℃较早地出现了冻滴,并造成了大量的冰晶繁生。（2）冻滴形成前期,液态水中心区域位于垂直上升速度大值中心上方,形成液态水累积区;冻滴形成期,液态水累积区位于0℃层以上,雨滴冻结生成冻滴,霰与半径大于100 μm的液滴碰并生成冻滴;冻滴增长期,在垂直上升气流的支撑下,冻滴碰并过冷水增长,导致冻滴含量增大,液态水含量减小。因此,改进模式能较好的模拟冻滴的形成过程,可以将该分档处理的微物理方案耦合到三维WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting model）模式中,更深入地研究强雷暴风切变在冰雹生成过程中的作用。     

三种下垫面温度及结冰预报模型研究

应用地表热量平衡方程,考虑太阳短波辐射、大气和地面的长波辐射、潜热、感热传输等能量之间的平衡,并考虑水汽、气溶胶、浮尘以及云等对太阳短波辐射的吸收和散射,建立了一种较实用的下垫面温度预报模型.应用湖北省恩施和金沙2009年冬季2月对土壤、水泥、沥青三种不同下垫面温度和自动气象站的常规气象要素观测进行模拟分析,并与该时段...