基于CEL法的埋深海底管道受坠物撞击损伤分析

海底管道一旦受到坠物撞击损伤,会造成严重的环境污染及经济损失,为保证管道在运行期间的安全性,常对其进行埋深处理。对于有埋深的海底管道,坠物的撞击会造成管道上覆土体的大变形,在数值模拟中会导致网格畸变,甚至无法收敛。耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法(CEL法)可有效处理土体大变形问题,本文基于此方法建立了坠物-管道-土体有限元模型,分析了坠物撞击速度、质量、形状、海床土体性质(弹性模量、内摩擦角、黏聚力)、埋深对海底管道塑性变形的影响。结果表明,管道的凹痕深度随坠物撞击速度和质量的增加而增加;坠物与海床土体及管道接触面积越小,管道的凹痕深度越大;管道的埋置深度及海床土体的性质对吸收坠物的撞击能量有直接关系:海床土体的强度越高、埋深越大,管道所受到的损伤程度越小。分析结果可为管道的设计与防护工作提供科学依据,且与现行规范比较,本文方法更加经济、合理。     

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.     

构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的控制机理: 马努斯海盆为例

综述了马努斯海盆热液区构造特征、基底差异, 结合马努斯海盆热液区热液活动与构造-岩浆特征, 探讨了二者的耦合关系, 以及构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的影响和控制。马努斯海盆位于西南太平洋俾斯麦海的东北部, 是世界上扩张速度最快的海盆之一。马努斯海盆西部(马努斯扩张中心, Manus Spreading Center, MSC)主要由海盆扩张成熟期产生的大洋中脊玄武岩组成, 属于成熟弧后扩张中心,发育Vienna Woods热液区; 海盆东部(东南裂谷, Southeast Rift, SER)则是一个拉张裂谷, 处于扩张的早期阶段, 属于不成熟弧后扩张中心, 发育PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls三大热液区。MSC与大洋中脊的热液活动相似, 而SER因受到火山、俯冲作用影响更为显著, 其热液流体具有岩浆流体和俯冲流体的特征。与Vienna Woods热液压相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS以及SuSu Knolls三个热液区的水深相对较浅(1 150～1 740 m), 是地球内部热物质由内向外迁移的结果, 其下部岩浆作用强烈。此外,岩浆脱气作用和数值模拟结果表明, PACMANUS热液系统中具有岩浆流体的输入。与Vienna Woods热液区相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls热液区的热液活动强度及流体组成主要受控于岩浆作用。     

水体扰动对多种赤潮藻生长的影响

水体扰动是海洋环境的一个重要特征.扰动通过对藻细胞周围的营养盐边界层厚度的影响,进而影响藻细胞的生长.在其他环境因子统一的条件下,通过室内实验研究扰动条件为主要影响因素对藻类生长的影响.研究结果发现扰动对中肋骨条藻、具齿原甲藻等10个藻种生长存在不同影响,实验数据显示,100r·min-1扰动对新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium,中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum、针胞藻Fibrocapsa japonica、棕囊藻Phaeocystis spp.、定鞭金藻Prymnesium patelliferium有显著作用(P<0.05),对赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo、亚心形扁藻Platymonas subcordiformis、青岛大扁藻Platymonas helgolandica var Tsing-taoensis、塔胞藻Pyramimonas sp.、Pyramidomonas作用不明显(P>0.05).扰动促进了棕囊藻和定鞭金藻的生长,使之达到最大生物量,并延长了藻细胞的生长时间;同时100r·min-1扰动抑制了新月菱形藻,中肋骨条藻、具齿原甲藻、针胞藻的生长.这些不同的藻类对水体扰动有不同生长反应,结果表明水体扰动是藻类种间竞争的的选择推动力之一.     

海洋科技综合实力评价指标体系研究

现代海洋经济对海洋高新技术高度依赖,抢占海洋科技"制高点"也已经成为世界海洋强国争夺海洋权益的主要特征.我国海洋科技已取得重大进展,但与发达国家仍存在较大差距.文章通过对海洋科技及其综合实力的界定,利用解释结构模型方法,构建一套完整的海洋科技综合实力评级指标体系,为正确测评海洋科技综合水平和制定未来海洋科技发展规划提供研究基础.     

上海光源准直测量工作的组织实施

根据上海光源工程亚毫米量级的准直精度及严格的安装进度要求,在准直测量过程中,将工程仟务进行分解,制订CPM汁划,对使用到的各种仪器进行合理分配,充分发挥仪器的性能特点,并对参与的相关人员进行合理组织,以保证获得优化的效率,保证了工程的进度和质量.     

冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数的计算

推导了冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数计算方程,并编制了湿空气热物理参数计算程序。该程序能快速、精确地计算冷却物冷藏间内不同气流速度、不同气压的湿气热物理参数