融化层附近降水粒子微物理特征的个例分析

本文给出了融化层中雪花融化过程特征和融化层附近降水粒子尺度谱分布函数；雪花、融雪、雨滴尺度谱分布均可用指数函数N=N0exp(-λD)来拟合。在融化层附近，谱参数N0、λ随温度升高而增大有正相关关系。谱参数N0、λ之间有幂指数关系N0=σλβ，降水水粒子相态不同，σ值差异明显。     

一种确定地表粗糙度的独立方法

本文提出一种只用单一超声风温仪的平均风速和湍流量测定值确定地表空气动力学粗糙度的方案.该方法经Kansas实验资料验证,效果甚好,由5.66m和22.6m两层超声风温仪数据计算的z_0彼此一致,并且完全符合风速廓线确定的数值.将其用于确定HEIFE实验区平坦戈壁滩的地表粗糙度,1988年和1990年两批数据的估值结果大致相符,z_0分别为1.5×10~(-3)m和1.1×10~(-3)m.由精细风廓线观测发现该地z_0=1.2×10~(-3)m,证实了所建议的方法和z_0估值的可靠性.     

南大西洋两岸被动陆缘盆地结构差异与大油气田分布

以板块构造演化为基础,利用地震、地质等资料,再现南大西洋两岸共轭型被动陆缘盆地原型盆地形成演化过程。首次依据盆地结构差异及沉积充填特征,将研究区被动陆缘盆地进一步划分为“三段”“四类”;结合对已发现大油气田的解剖,搞清了每类盆地大油气田成藏规律,并分别建立了其大油气田成藏模式。认为两岸“三段”“四类”盆地都经过了早期陆内裂谷、过渡期陆间裂谷及漂移期被动陆缘三个原型阶段。南段为下伏裂谷层系比较发育的“断陷型”盆地,上覆坳陷沉积厚度较薄,仅作为区域盖层,形成“裂谷层系构造地层型”大油气田。中段为裂谷、坳陷层系都比较发育且过渡阶段有盐的“含盐断坳型”盆地,以过渡期陆间裂谷盐岩充填为特征,其上、下的漂移期海相及裂谷期湖相页岩均可形成有效烃源岩,海相页岩及盐岩分别作为优质盖层,形成了“盐下碳酸盐岩盐上重力流扇体型”大油气田。北段为裂谷层系分布范围小、坳陷沉积范围广且厚度大的“坳陷型”盆地,受 “窄”陆棚、“陡”陆坡控制,坳陷层系重力流扇体自始至终比较发育,源于坳陷层系下部海相页岩中的油气直接充注于本身内部裙边状分布的重力流复合扇体之中,形成“漂移期重力流扇体群型”大油气田。另外,研究区还发育尼日尔、福斯杜亚马逊、佩罗塔斯三个具有独特构造沉积特征的 “三角洲型”被动陆缘盆地,其特殊性体现在三角洲层系由于沉积速率极高,从陆向海形成生长断裂带-泥岩底辟带-逆冲断裂褶皱带-平缓斜坡带四大环状构造带。除了前三角洲层系可以作为有效烃源岩之外,本身也可以形成自生自储自盖型组合,形成独特的“四大环状构造带型”大油气田,即在由陆向海生长断裂带-泥岩底辟带-逆冲断裂褶皱带-平缓斜坡带四大环状构造带上都可以形成大油气田。     

乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田成矿时代及其地质意义

新疆西天山斑岩铜矿找矿勘查备受关注。乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田处在西天山西段,铜矿规模属亚洲第二大,但其成矿时代还没有准确厘定。在区域地质构造中,Almalyk铜矿田位于中天山加里东—华力西褶皱带南部边缘,包括Kalmakyr、Dalneye、Sarcheku和Kyzata等4个铜矿床,铜成矿主要发生在斑岩体内,原生矿石呈网脉状、浸染状,金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿,辉钼矿、赤铁矿、磁铁矿、自然金、斑铜矿等。针对Sarcheku铜钼矿石中辉钼矿利用Re-Os法测得(320.4±2.3)Ma的模式年龄和(317.6±2.5)Ma的等时线年龄。结合岩浆建造序列,认为矿田内构造—岩浆—热液过程开始于早石炭世,发展于晚石炭世,结束于早二叠世,斑岩型铜成矿主要在晚石炭世。西天山包括Almalyk铜矿田在内大型—超大型斑岩型铜成矿作用主要在中泥盆—晚石炭世(D2—C2),与古亚洲洋壳向哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块之下俯冲形成的复杂岛弧岩浆地质过程有关。     

冰碛物ESR测年与天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期系列

采用ESR方法，对天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期的冰碛石英砂进行了测年，下望峰组冰碛层的年代与前人推测的年代不同，是50～70ka BP末次冰期早阶段形成的，分布下限可达海拔2300m左右的红五月桥附近，与AMS的测年结果相比，末次冰期晚阶段底碛的ESR年代与AMS的年代相当，而冰上融出碛ESR年代与AMS的年代相差较大，认为冰下的压碎和磨蚀作用可能导致冰碛中石英砂的ESR信号归零，从而使底碛的ESR测年成为可能。     

Chemical forms of Pb, Zn and Cu in the sediment profiles of the Pearl River Estuary

The chemical forms of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) in sediment cores of the Pearl River Estuary were studied using a sequential chemical extraction method. The isotope ratios of 206Pb/207Pb in various chemical fractions were also measured to assess the potential Pb sources. Zinc and Cu were mainly associated with the residual fraction. The Fe-Mn oxide and organic/sulphide fractions were the next important phases for Zn and Cu, respectively. For Pb, different chemical partitioning patterns were found among different sediment cores. Most Pb was associated with the residual fraction in the sediments. In some sediment profiles, the major phase of Pb in the top layers was the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. The proportion of Pb in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction decreased significantly with increasing depth. Among the different depths, the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in the residual fraction remained fairly stable, with a mean value of 1.202, which may represent the natural background value. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the exchangeable fraction were the lowest among the five fractions, particularly in top sediments, showing the anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals from recent rapid industrial development in the surrounding region. For the other three non-residual fractions, there was a similar trend of increasing 206Pb/207Pb ratios down the profile. Results from this study are useful in assessing both the chemical changes for heavy metals in marine sediments and the potential of heavy metal release into the water environment of an estuary area.     

Multi-residues of organic pollutants in surface sediments from littoral areas of the Yellow Sea, China

Concentrations of all studied organic pollutants, except for DDTs, were greatest at sites in Dalian Bay, where surface sediment concentrations of PHCs, PAHs, PCBs and DDTs exceeded the corresponding ERL values. The sum concentration of DDTs was greatest in Haizhou Bay exceeding the related ERM value. In terms of compositions of PAHs and PAEs, the predominant components were the MMW and HMW compounds, DBP and DEHP, respectively. The main degradation product of p,p'-DDT was p,p'-DDD at most sampling sites. The principal sources of PAHs and DDTs involved various pyrolytic processes (i.e., combustion of biomass and vehicle exhaust), and application of technical DDT (in the form of impurity or raw material), and a mixture of technical DDT and technical dicofol. Moreover, the coastal site with greatest potential ecological risk from total PAHs was located in Dalian Bay, while the littoral areas of Dalian Bay, two harbor cities (Yantai-Weihai), Jiaozhou Bay, and Haizhou Bay, had relatively high potential risk from DDTs, especially in Haizhou Bay.     

轮古油田奥陶系潜山地下河发育特征及其与油气的关系

轮古油田奥陶系缝洞型储层的发育特征及主控因素,一直是影响钻井成功率的一个主要因素,而广泛发育的地下河又是破解此难题的一把钥匙。以现代岩溶和古岩溶的地质理论为指导,通过野外地质建模及井震结合的综合分析,刻画出塔里木盆地轮古油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩潜山地下河系统22个。研究表明:地下河的发育主要受构造、古地貌、断裂和地表明河水系的控制;地下河的岩石类型主要是中下奥陶统一间房组和鹰山组的石灰岩,包括砂屑灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩和泥晶灰岩;储集空间类型主要为大型溶洞和裂缝,它们发育于地下河主河道、分支河道及洞顶缝等位置。由于地下河内部结构复杂,与主河道相关的厅堂洞、天坑等储集体规模大,是油气最富集的位置。地下河的形成早期处于高连通状态,而晚期由于淤塞点的存在及地下河低部位的充填,仅在局部的独立区块连通。     

SYT-18型双机液压凿岩台车

为了实现中深坑道平巷掘进机械化，加快地质探矿的步伐，我们与河北省地质局地质五队、四川省地质局207队、401队、安徽省地质局合肥探矿厂等单位共同协作，经过调查研究，设计、试制，试验，已成功的研制出SYT－18型双机液压凿岩台车。二轮样机（第一轮样机二台，第二轮样机三合）先后经河北省地质五队、四川207队和四川四○一队进行生产试验证明，性能良好，操作简便，安全可靠，动作平稳，凿岩效率高，可拆性强，便于搬运，显著地减轻了劳动强度，节省了劳动力，适合地质探矿坑道的特点。1978年12月在河北省迁西县地质总局科技