L波段雷达系统不同测风方法计算结果分析

根据广东阳江探空站L波段雷达系统观测的测风资料分析,测风记录用综合探测雷达测风方法与无斜距（或高度替代）测风方法计算的测风量得风层的结果,少数情况下会出现与理论值不相符的现象,两种测风方法计算的结果,有时会超出高空气象观测仪器总体测量准确度要求允许的误差范围。在雷达的仰角小于30°时,量得风层的风速小于3 m/s时,两种测风方法计算量得风层的风速基本相同（误差在允许范围内）,但风向有的相差较大,超出测量准确度要求允许的误差范围。当雷达仰角小于15°,量得风层的风速大于30 m/s时,两种测风方法计算量得风层的风向比较接近,但量得风层的风速有的却相差较大,超出测量准确度要求允许的误差范围。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000832

The Sinus Iridum region, the first choice for China＇s＂Lunar Exploration Project＂is located at the center of the lunar LQ-4 area and is the site of Chang＇e-3 （CE-3）＇s soft landing. To make the scientific exploration of Chang＇e-3 more targeted and scientific, and to obtain a better macro-level understanding of the geotectonic environment of the Sinus Iridum region, the tectonic elements in LQ-4 region have been studied and the typical structures were analyzed statistically using data from CE-1, Clementine, LRO and Lunar Prospector missions. Also, the mineral components and periods of mare basalt activities in the study area have been ascertained. The present study divides the tectonic units and establishes the major tectonic events and sequence of evolution in the study area based on morphology, mineral constituents, and tectonic element distribution.     

Impact of digenean parasite infection on metallothionein synthesis by the cockle (Cerastoderma edule): a multivariate field monitoring

Metallothioneins (MT) are proteins that play an important role in metabolism of essential metals and detoxification of trace metals from living organisms. Their synthesis is induced by metal pollution but can also be exacerbated by other factors such as reproduction processes. In this context, we monitored MT concentrations in a cockle Cerastoderma edule (marine bivalve) population and highlighted the effect of a castrating digenean parasite, Labratrema minimus. In spent cockles, MT levels were low (ca. 5 nmol sites g(-1), fresh weight) but slightly higher in parasitized individuals. During gametogenesis, MT synthesis increased in all cockles, but concentrations were lower in parasitized individuals (18 against 27 nmol sites g(-1), fw in unparasitized cockles) in relation with gonad damage by parasites. Therefore, it is suggested that parasite infection in cockles can modulate MT synthesis that could consequently interfere with the response of these protective proteins in case of metal contamination.     

新疆准噶尔盆地冬季系统性降水研究Ⅱ．理论探讨

根据对北疆盆地冬季冷锋降水个例的观测分析，建立一个二维动力场给定、微物理时变的冷云模式。模式考虑了云水、云冰、雪、霰和水汽五种水元间16个微物理过程。本文用其研究了无扰动层状云、发生泡区和高空引晶自然播撒作用于层状云和飞机播撒层状云的降水发展过程，并用一维模式作一些模拟补充。模拟表明，无扰动层状云内液水丰富、冰粒子少，降水不充分。高空引晶自然播撒能大大加强层状云降水。低层发生泡既产生更多的云水又提供大量冰晶，对增加降水有双重作用。模拟得出各个过程中不同部位的各微物理过程相对重要性的时间演变，清楚地解释了观测发现的一些主要降水特征。对层状云飞机播撒同样能加强降水形成，播撒后主要增水区约10公里宽且有最大剂量限制。泡区人工播撒可进一步增加降水，而在自然播撒区再作人工播撒效果不好。     

2011 年鲁中山区一次秋季连阴雨天气成因分析

利用常规资料和NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析日平均资料、 FNL 1°×1°逐6h日分析资料,分析了2011年9月11-15日鲁中山区秋季连阴雨期间环流形势及物理量特征,结果表明：连阴雨期间,乌拉尔山到西西伯利亚维持一个稳定的阻塞高压,贝加尔湖到河套一带低槽异常偏强,西太平洋副热带高压明显偏北;亚洲中纬度短波槽不断东移,700hPa切变维持,高、低空急流相互作用是连阴雨发生、发展的主要原因;连阴雨前期为对流稳定性降水,中后期为对流不稳定性降水。     

旱育稀植育秧田间小气候研究

研究旱育稀植育秧的田间小气候效应及对秧苗生长发育的影响，并以水稻衣秧为对照。结果表明：两种育秧方式的田间小气候变化差异明显，特别是在阴冷天气旱育秧增温保温效应更显著，旱育秧的生理性状明显优于水育秧，其抗寒性，抗旱性，抗逆性均比水育秧强，插后有很强的暴发力，同时根据本试验所得的资料，对旱育秧苗生长与积温的关系建立了其动态生长模拟模式，经检验，其模拟效果精确度很高。     

基于MM5模式的精细化MOS温度预报

利用2002年9月到2003年8月MM5模式每隔1 h的站点基本要素预报场和物理量诊断场资料,以及相应时段内宁夏25个测站的温度自记观测资料,同时采用多元线性和逐步回归2种MOS统计方法,预报宁夏25个测站48 h逐时温度。通过对2004年6月至2005年5月的预报效果检验,结果表明:MOS方法对宁夏48 h逐时温度有较强的预报能力,当天气形势变化较平稳时,MOS预报结果稳定,平均绝对误差控制在2℃之内;当有明显的冷空气活动时,误差变率起伏波动较大,预报结果不稳定,但与原MM5模式直接输出结果相比,MOS预报水平有明显提高,24 h极端温度TS评分个别月接近甚至超过预报员。     

1995和1996年春季北京地区大气冰核浓度的观测与研究

利用毕格型混合云室于1995和1996-春季在北京西郊观测了4种温度条件下的大气冰核浓度.分析了冰核浓度逐日变化特点,与1963-的观测(方法相同)结果进行了对比分析.发现30 a来,冰核浓度平均约增加了15倍.根据严重污染天气条件下能见度与冰核浓度的相关分析,推测人类活动作为冰核源的权重,冰核浓度增加.分析发现大气中高活性冰核在大气中的滞留时间明显小于低活性冰核.结合冰核活性与粒子尺度的相关,分析推测了大气冰核浓度随高度递减的特点,推测高活性冰核随高度递减更快.分析中参考了世界各地的观测结果,并对不同观测方法观测的结果进行了分析对比,对其中一些地区差异和特点进行了探讨.冰晶浓度与云中气溶胶粒子浓度的相关分析表明,两者有较好的正相关关系.高冰晶浓度常对应有较窄的粒子谱和较小的浓度峰值直径.利用飞机观测的云中雪粒子浓度与冰粒子浓度资料分析结果表明两者有正相关;初步分析表明,大气冰核浓度除对冰云微结构和云中降水过程有重要影响外;还可能对云的辐射特征产生影响,从而影响大气气候过?＃     

贵州旱涝年OLR场分布特征

诊断分析了热带太平洋地区对流活动与贵州旱涝年前期和同期的场分布特征,结果表明：ＯＬＲ场分布特征明显。夏季,涝年热带太平洋地区呈西正东负的距平分布,旱年呈西负东西的距平分布;前,涝年呈正－负－正的距平分布,旱年呈西正东负的距平分布,热带东太平对流活动涝减弱,旱年增强;春季,年呈正－负－正的距平分布,旱年呈负－正－负的距平分布。ＯＬＲ场与贵州夏季降水的这种非同步联系,物理意义明确,是一种有价值的预测夏     

A 400-year record of black carbon flux in the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea and its implication

We reconstructed the first long-term (∼400 years) records of black carbon (BC) deposition flux from three ornithogenic sediment profiles, which were collected from three remote, isolated islets of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea. The significant correlations between black carbon, organic matter and excess ²¹⁰Pb suggested that black carbon was mainly derived from atmospheric deposition, and further enriched by plant-derived organic matter in sediments. During the past 400 years, the BC flux remained relatively low before the onset of 20th century; it started to increase from approximately 1900 AD, and peaked around the 1970s. In the recent 30 years, the BC flux seemed to display decreasing trend, very likely due to the change of energy structure and development of pollution control techniques. In comparison with marginal sea regions that are greatly impacted by anthropogenic activities, these pristine Xisha islands were not significantly influenced by black carbon of anthropogenic origin.