南海神狐海域天然气水合物样品的基本特征

我国于2007年在南海神狐海域成功地钻获了天然气水合物样品。为了深入了解这些样品的结构、气体组成及饱和度等基本特征,在实验室内采用不同的技术手段对其进行了系列的分析测试研究,主要包括水合物结构鉴定、气体组分分析、含气量及饱和度计算等。结果表明,南海神狐海域水合物是典型的I型结构,主要组成气体是甲烷,占99.3%以上;甲烷分子在大笼的占有率99%以上,在小笼中86%左右,水合指数5.99。沉积物中水合物的饱和度为21%左右,低于野外观测的数值,主要是由于沉积物岩心样品中存在部分自由水,使测定结果偏低。     

多进制小波变换的图像分辨率定量降低方法

 传统的图像分辨率降低主要是通过图像重采样实现的。多进制小波是近年来发展的小波分析理论的一个新的分支,它在正交性、紧支性、光滑性方面都优于二进制小波。本文首先介绍图像分辨率定量降低的需求与传统的图像分辨率降低方法;然后,以多进制小波的时频多分辨率特性,把多进制小波变换应用于定量降低图像分辨率,并用三进制小波变换进行了图像分辨率降低实验,提取三进制小波的低频分量作为降低分辨率后的图像;最后,通过与常用的图像重采样方法,如最临近法、双线性插值法及其衍生的邻域平均法的结果进行定性与定量评价,结果表明多进制小波在图像分辨率定量降低方面具有明显的优势。     

Multi-residues of organic pollutants in surface sediments from littoral areas of the Yellow Sea, China

Concentrations of all studied organic pollutants, except for DDTs, were greatest at sites in Dalian Bay, where surface sediment concentrations of PHCs, PAHs, PCBs and DDTs exceeded the corresponding ERL values. The sum concentration of DDTs was greatest in Haizhou Bay exceeding the related ERM value. In terms of compositions of PAHs and PAEs, the predominant components were the MMW and HMW compounds, DBP and DEHP, respectively. The main degradation product of p,p'-DDT was p,p'-DDD at most sampling sites. The principal sources of PAHs and DDTs involved various pyrolytic processes (i.e., combustion of biomass and vehicle exhaust), and application of technical DDT (in the form of impurity or raw material), and a mixture of technical DDT and technical dicofol. Moreover, the coastal site with greatest potential ecological risk from total PAHs was located in Dalian Bay, while the littoral areas of Dalian Bay, two harbor cities (Yantai-Weihai), Jiaozhou Bay, and Haizhou Bay, had relatively high potential risk from DDTs, especially in Haizhou Bay.     

Neural networks to simulate regional ground water levels affected by human activities

In arid regions, human activities like agriculture and industry often require large ground water extractions. Under these circumstances, appropriate ground water management policies are essential for preventing aquifer overdraft, and thereby protecting critical ecologic and economic objectives. Identification of such policies requires accurate simulation capability of the ground water system in response to hydrological, meteorological, and human factors. In this research, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed and applied to investigate the effects of these factors on ground water levels in the Minqin oasis, located in the lower reach of Shiyang River Basin, in Northwest China. Using data spanning 1980 through 1997, two ANNs were developed to model and simulate dynamic ground water levels for the two subregions of Xinhe and Xiqu. The ANN models achieved high predictive accuracy, validating to 0.37 m or less mean absolute error. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with the models demonstrating that agricultural ground water extraction for irrigation is the predominant factor responsible for declining ground water levels exacerbated by a reduction in regional surface water inflows. ANN simulations indicate that it is necessary to reduce the size of the irrigation area to mitigate ground water level declines in the oasis. Unlike previous research, this study demonstrates that ANN modeling can capture important temporally and spatially distributed human factors like agricultural practices and water extraction patterns on a regional basin (or subbasin) scale, providing both high-accuracy prediction capability and enhanced understanding of the critical factors influencing regional ground water conditions.     

Application of WRF 3DVar to a high-resolution model over Beijing area

To improve the weather forecasting over the Beijing area for the 2008 Olympic Games,a triple-nested(27/9/3km) WRFVar/WRF system with 3-h update cycle was established.Experiments have been done for a convective event that occurred on August 1,2006.The results showed that the high-resolution rapid update cycle gave a good precipitation forecast;the tunings of background error statistics(BES) and observation-error statistics in WRFVar improved the skill of the precipitation forecast;the BES for the fine domain(3 km) obtained by interpolation from its parent domain(9 km) can be used in 3 km WRFVar as a reasonable approximation.The user can now save a great deal of work related to the derivation of the fine mesh BES from the forecast over a period of time;the rapid update cycle with 3-h frequency has satisfied the forecast,and the update cycle with 1-h frequency was not necessary.     

不同类型天然气水合物真空分解过程实验研究

在放置于恒温室内的真空装置内,对合成的冰粉-气体水合物(包括甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷-氮气、异丁烷、混合气水合物)、冰粉-不同粒度多孔介质甲烷水合物和祁连山冻土区及南海神狐海域天然气水合物进行了分解实验研究,初步探讨了不同气体水合物分解动力学特征和分解规律。实验结果表明,合成的冰粉-气体水合物的分解过程相似,除丙烷水合物和异丁烷水合物外,分解压力基本呈单调增长,均未出现明显的自保护效应;不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物分解过程,压力增长呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,主要原因可能是多孔介质中的水合物尺寸较大,分解时更易产生自保护效应;祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的分解压力曲线与不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物的相似,总体呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,水合物自保护效应明显;南海神狐海域天然气水合物分解气体压力变化虽然总体与祁连山冻土区天然气水合物压力增长过程相似,但同时呈现“阶梯状”增长,这可能与两种不同水合物岩心的岩性和水合物在岩心中的分布模式和赋存状态有关。     

祁连山东段河流阶地的形成时代与机制探讨

第四纪期间祁连山东段发育了多级洪积台地与河流阶地,它们是研究区域构造活动与气候变化良好的载体。对该区主要河流阶地序列的野外考察,利用ESR、TL、IRSL以及¹⁴C等测年方法,研究表明,第四纪期间石羊河上游的各大支流普遍发育了5-6级阶地,其中南营村附近金塔河五级河流阶地的形成时代大致为1.24MaB.P.(T₅)、0.78MaB.P.(T₄)、0.14MaB.P.(T₃)、0.06MaB.P.(T₂)和0.01MaB.P.(T₁),完全可以与该区沙沟河、黄河兰州段以及长江三峡段的阶地序列相对比。从各级阶地砾石层的堆积时代以及阶地的沉积特征分析,我们认为,即使在构造活动区域,气候变化在河流地貌演化过程之中起着重要的控制作用。     

The effect of marine colloids on the growth of photosysthetic bacteria

Marine colloids could be an important source of nitrogen for bacteria and photoplankton. But elevated concentration of colloids may stimulate algal growth and lead to red tides in coastal waters. The effects of colloidal organic carbon (COC) concentration on the growth of photosysthetic bacteria (PSB) were investigated under different colloidal treatments in the laboratory. The PSB growth was inversely proportional to COC concentration and was restricted by high-molecular-weight (HMW) colloids (>10 KDa) in treatments with non-nutrient or just inorganic nutrient with low COC concentration (5 μMC). However, the PBS growth was enhanced in the presence of HMW colloids in the treatment with inorganic nutrient and high COC (127 and 255 μMC) or with both inorganic nutrient and low-molecular-weight organic matter. Both bacteria number and bacteria growth ratio increased significantly when the concentration of COC was 5 μMC. Our results suggest that marine colloids can be utilized by bacteria and might regulate primary productivity in coastal waters.     

ESR DATING OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

ESR dating of aragonitic and calcitic corals , eolianite , calcrete , and corallineae from coral reefs in the South China Sea was applied to study of Quaternary reef geology . The ESR ages of calcitic corals correlated with the biostratigraphy , lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of Well Xi-Chen-1 and the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of deep sea sediments, were reliable and up to 1.26 Ma. The selection of signals for dating and other related problems are discussed .     

黄河三角洲的￣（210）Pb剖面与再沉积作用

根据黄河三角洲东部钻孔岩芯的￣（２１０）Ｐｂ剖面资料，经标准化消除了因粒级不同所造成￣（２１０）Ｐｂ浓度变化的影响后，显示该孔的２１０ｐｂ剖面可分为１１段。每段呈指数衰减，段与段之间呈现￣（２１０）Ｐｂ放射性比度逆增，反映了由于再沉积作用造成￣（２１０）Ｐｂ的稀释作用。由此分析该区沉积和再沉积历史