苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.     

论证南海海疆国界线

According to a series of important historical maps,i.e.,the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands,the Nansha Islands,Zhongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Yongxing Island and Shidao Island,and Taiping Island(archived by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of Republic of China in 1946),and the Administration District Map of the Republic of China published in 1948,the dashed line surrounding the South China Sea Islands represents China's sea boundary in the South China Sea at that time.It was both connected with,and an extension of,the land boundary of China.At that time the dashed line was used to represent the waters boundaries while the solid line was used to represent the land boundary—a universal method used in maps that was then recognized internationally.The above observation provides historical and scientific evidence of China's sea boundary in the South China Sea that is useful for the international maritime delimitation over the South China Sea area.     

铺设集束管道的最佳排列型式及当量管径计算

孔／管直径比是水平定向钻进铺管的重要基础设计参数,当铺设集束管道时,管道的排列型式及当量管径计算直接影响孔／管直径比的确定。采用几何方法研究最佳排列型式及当量管径计算问题,提出一定数量的集束管应以对应的正多边形排列为最佳型式,同时给出了当量管径的计算方法、公式与简表。     

南海夏季风撤退的气候特征Ⅱ——年代际变化

南海地区夏季风撤退期有明显的年代际变化,与南海夏季风维持期相类似,在1970年代末期有明显的突变。所以分析工作以1978年为界,主要是将前20年情况与后20年进行对比。前20年夏季风撤退较早,撤退期降水较少,对流活动较弱;后20年则与此相反,夏季风撤退较晚,撤退期降水较多,对流活动较强。南海地区夏季风撤退期的年代际变化与PDO和太阳磁循环的气候变化比较一致。     

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses. In this study, using capacitive and resistive dividers, current probes and optical fiber transmission devices, we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices (SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12, 2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site. The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA. We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes. During the return strokes, the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms (millisecond) range, and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA. Based on the observed data, simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD. The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter. The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient. The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.     

分形插值参数的遗传优化及其ARGO海温场应用试验

针对常规分形插值方法中垂直压缩因子参数无公认选择标准和有效途径的问题,提出一种分形插值的改进算法,用遗传算法对分形插值模型的垂直压缩参数进行了优化选择并进行了ARGO海温资料插值加密的对比试验。试验结果表明,经遗传优化后的分形插值方法在海温复杂细节结构和小尺度特征描述等方面较常规插值等方法更具优势,改进了分形插值结果的客观性和正确性。     

城市旅游发展效率的时空格局演化特征及其驱动机制——以泛长江三角洲地区为例

借助DEA模型和ArcGIS空间分析模块,系统的分析了1998～2008年泛长三角城市旅游发展效率的时空格局演化特征,依据全要素生产率的变动分解模型(Malmquist指数),对TFP变化的总体趋势、结构及空间格局的演化过程进行了综合探讨。结果表明:泛长三角城市旅游发展效率总体上呈现提高态势,市域间差异表现为较为明显波动性特征,旅游发展效率的空间格局形成与演化存在空间关联,综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率在空间上均表现较为显著的空间自相关,且综合效率和规模效率形成了较为相似的变化格局,而全要素生产率变化呈现弱集聚,相邻地域单元关联性较差。针对旅游发展效率的时空格局演化的驱动机制进行剖析表明,经济政策导向驱动、旅游生产单元价值驱动及旅游消费需求刺激驱动共同驱使导致了旅游发展效率在空间范畴上格局置换。     

基于高端时尚消费品销售空间的中国城市控制力结构研究

自"世界城市"和"全球城市"研究开始,在对城市控制力的相关研究中,除了传统的人口、经济等属性数据外,研究对象高度集中于生产性的工作空间,即制造业企业和高端生产服务业企业。但卡斯特对其流动空间的理论阐述中明确表述了商务人士除工作地点以外的以高端消费者服务业为代表的消费性空间也应纳入流动空间的控制层-商务精英层之中的观点。因此,在对城市控制力结构的研究中,高端消费者服务业可以成为制造业企业和高端生产者服务业的一个有效的补充。从高端消费者服务业视角出发,通过对高端时尚消费品销售网络空间分布的研究,在多个层面对中国城市的高端生活服务控制力中心结构进行解析。通过研究得到以下主要结论:①城市控制力中心在中国国土范围内呈现菱形结构,从东部直接跳跃至西部,中部呈现为低洼地带;②三大城市群内部的城市控制力多中心结构开始显现,其中长三角地区的发育较为明显;③西部和东北仍呈现单中心据点发育格局。     

城市旅游竞争潜力时空格局演化及其结构合理性评价——以长江三角洲地区为例

选取资源产品竞争力、市场服务竞争力、旅游保障竞争力三大指标体系,采用熵值法赋予权重,对长三角城市旅游竞争潜力进行横向上的测度,引入SSM模型,纵向测算1998～2008年城市旅游竞争潜力指标要素的结构偏离分量和竞争力偏离分量,在此基础上,评价指标要素的结构效果指数和竞争力效果指数。结果表明:长三角城市旅游竞争潜力时空格局上存在显著差异,表现为以上海、南京、杭州、苏州为中心的城市旅游竞争潜力较高,始终处于区域的高值状态,形成四强鼎立的空间格局,城市间旅游竞争潜力差异呈现扩大化,指标要素的结构上存在不合理,与之相对应的旅游竞争潜力并不完全匹配。通过横向纵向两方面清晰的对比反映不同城市旅游竞争潜力指标的弱项和缺陷,客观准确地表现不同城市旅游竞争潜力大小,为长三角地区不同城市提升旅游竞争潜力提供定量依据与理论参考。     

基于区域平均垂直不确定度的自适应网格水深建模方法

提出一种基于区域平均垂直不确定度的自适应网格数字水深模型构建方法。利用水深不确定度及其传递机制,计算建模区域的水深平均不确定度,自动确定网格剖分层次和组织水深数据;并在公共边界处增加约束条件,解决相邻网格区域的水深模型不连续问题。试验证明:①在水深变化趋势不一致的区域,与等间距法和水深复杂度法相比,不确定度法所构DDM具有更高的质量;②相对于等间距法,不确定度法能自动确定网格剖分层次和网格大小,控制模型质量达到预先设计的指标要求,相对水深复杂度法,具有更强的自适应调控能力;③不确定度法比水深复杂度法具有更高的自动化程度和效率。