Determination of the elastic wave velocities in porous rocks with the change of overburden pressure and its universal significance

Typical rock samples with different lithologic characteristics were collected from exploring wells drilled in sandstone-conglomerate sedimental reservoirs with positive rhythm. In different pore fluid states (fully saturated with gas, water and oil), the velocities of compressional and shear waves (Vp, Vs) were measured under different overburden pressure in laboratory. The effects of pore fluid and different fluid types on the velocities were analyzed. The velocities (Vp, Vs) of the samples fully saturated with water were calculated by use of Gassmann's formula that is suitable for low frequency. The calculated values were compared with the experimental values obtained at high frequency. The result shows that Gassmann's theory can be used to calculate elastic wave velocities in porous rocks saturated with fluid. By this result, the change of elastic velocities with the change of fluid can be predicted. The error is allowable in petroleum engineering. This conclusion is useful for sonic logging interpretation and seismic datum processing.     

Seismic event, sequence and tectonic significance in Canglangpu Stage in Paleo-Tanlu Fault Zone

The Canglangpu Stage of Lower Cambrian Series is widely distributed along both sides of the Tanlu (Tancheng-Lujiang) Fault Zone in the Jiao-Liao-Xu-Huai regions. In the Liaodong Peninsula, the Canglangpu Stage consists of three formations, i.e. Gejiatun, Dalinzi and Jianchang formations in ascending order (lying on the eastern side of the Tanlu Fault Zone). The Dalinzi Formation, developing in a littoral Sabkha environment, is full of catastrophic event records of violent seism, such as liquefied muddy-sandy veins, hydroplastic folds, hydroplastic micro-faults (three forming an organic whole), liquefied crinkled deformations, liquefied breccia and sandy dikes. Based on such records, the seismic liquified sequence of argillaceous rocks in Sabkha is built up. In northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, however, there hardly observe seismic records in the Canglangpu Stage, which consists of Jinshanzhai and lower Gouhou and upper Gouhou formations (lying on the western side of the Tanlu Fault Zone). Even if the Gouhou Formation, developing in a lagoon-dry environment, is in the same climate zone as the Dalinzi Formation, and 4 depositional sequences have been identified in the Canglangpu Stage in Northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, however, in the same stage in the Liaodong Peninsula, there exist only 3 ones. Therefore, it is not supported by the above mentioned evidence (such as catastrophic events, sequences stratigraphy and lithologic correlation of formations) that the Canglangpu Stage in the Liaodong Peninsula came from northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces through a long-distance, about hundreds kilometers, left-hand displacement of the Tanlu Fault in the Mesozoic era.     

中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座各种相关性能及长期性能研究

本文详细地研究了各种相关因素对中国铅芯橡胶隔震支座力学性能的 影响，同时还研究了中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座的长期性能。研究包括竖向压力、频率、剪切变形循环次数、温度对隔震支座刚度及阻尼等力学性能的影响；隔震支座的耐久性能诸如老化及徐变对隔震器刚度、阻尼特性及极限变形能力的影响。研究还包括水平剪切（200次）及竖向低周疲劳（10万次）试验对隔震器力学性能的影响。     

低硬度橡胶隔震支座基本力学性能及恢复力特性

本研究对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料性能（主要包括力学性能）进行了系统的试验开发及理论研究。研究用低硬度橡胶隔震支座包括天然橡胶隔震支座及铅芯橡胶隔震支座两大类18种规格总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及橡胶隔震支座竖向刚度、水平刚度及阻尼等基本力学性能；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性及长期特性；同时还对橡胶材料其他性能进行了系统的试验研究。本文主要介绍低硬度天然橡胶隔震支座及铅芯橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能，如竖向、水平刚度和恢复力等特性。     

台海地区的地壳运动与变形

利用福建沿海GPS网和台湾-吕宋GPS网站速度数据和两个网数据处理中共用的IGS永久站数据，实现了两个GPS网参考框架和速度场的统一．分析台海地区的速度场发现，福建沿海、台湾海峡与台湾岛北部地壳的水平运动完全一致，运动方向约为东偏南26.0，运动速率约为39 mm/a；台湾岛东部的海岸山脉地区发生了相反变化，运动方向为北偏西30.0，运动速率约为33.3 mm/a；在台湾岛的南端存在南偏西50.0方向的运动，运动速率约为13 mm/a．若以福建沿海的几何中心为参考基准，台湾岛存在一致的(岛的北端除外)北西向运动，方向北偏西约50.0，东海岸的速率最大为61 mm/a，向西逐渐减小．应变场分析表明，台海地区存在统一的应变场，主压应变方向为北西48.0，主张应变方向为北东42.0．主压应变速率，台湾岛的东海岸为3.43610－7/a，向西逐渐减小，到福建沿海减小到1.86110－8/a．菲律宾海板块在台湾岛东部与欧亚板块的碰撞俯冲是台海地区地壳运动、变形和发生大地震的主要驱动力．本区的主压应力方向约为北西55.0．      

低硬度橡胶隔震支座各种相关性及老化徐变特性

作者系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料和力学性能进行了试验研究。研究使用的低硬度橡胶隔震支座分18种规格，总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶隔震支座的压力、剪切变形、温度对支座刚度、阻尼等力学性能的影响，同时还对隔震支座的老化及徐变特性进行了试验研究，确定低硬度橡胶使用60年后的力学性能变化率。文中同时提出了低硬度橡胶支座的温度修正方程，并提出了隔震结构地震反应分析时支座刚度和屈服荷载变化的取值范围。     

电测深数值计算和解释方法的进展

本文简要地介绍了直流电测深正演计算的几种传统方法,并对电测深反演解释方法进行了分类;叙述了在电测深发展历史中有重要意义的数字线性滤波法的思想萌芽,论述了由Ghosh建立的数字线性滤波法的基本理论和基本公式,指出了数字线性滤波法的主要优点;介绍了近十年来电测深数值计算和解释方法的一些进展,其中包括各种反演解释方法和程序的大量涌现,滤波器设计方法的发展和各种滤波器的提出,各种电极装置下视电阻率、电阻率转换、滤波函数之间的关系及应用和线性滤波法不同的计算方法等方面的内容。     

石油演化理论与实践（Ⅰ）——石油演化的机理与石油演化的阶段

Mechanism and stagcs are discussed and a schematic diagram suggested for petroleum evolution based on a preliminsry review of the characteristics of some oil and gas bearing areas in China and a comparison of tbe content and nature of paraffins between shallower sediments .(ineluding recent sediments and organisms)and deed rocks (especially source rocks). During the early stage of petroleum evolution, when biochemical agency in shallower sediments plays the dominant role, most of the primary organic material changes into kerogen, with a certain amount of “dry” gas produced. On the other hand, thermal catalytic degradation contributes significantly to the intermediate and late stages of petroleum generation. The main stage of petroleum genesis in source rocks coincides with the late period of early diagenesis, during which the major mcde of occurrence of oilgenerating source matter is kerogen. The major factors controlling petroleum evolution are temperature, time, and the type of mineral catalytic agents and kerogen.The process of petroleum evolution can be divided into the following stages:(1) Oil and gas forming stage: a) Initial methane gas aubstage--the activity of microorganisms was intensive; formation of kerogen and methane took place. b) Low maturity oil substage. This is the main stage of oil generation.Low-matured oil and wet gas generated via the thermal catalytic degradation of kerogen. (2) Oil and gas maturity stage: a) High maturity oil substage. Both the molecular weight of paraffins and the ratio of oil to gas decrease. b) Final methane gas substage. This is the last period of petroleum evolution, with methane and highly matured bitumens as its final products.     

核废料管理体系的成本评估

本文回顾了１９８３－１９８９年期间美国能源部ＴＳＬＣＣ分析报告的演变过程，分析了ＴＳＬＣＣ分析报告中总成本的变化趋势，并简要地介绍了一种ＯＣＲＷＭ开发的成本分析方法。