京津冀地区一次雾霾过程的污染分布及来源分析

利用气象与化学模块在线耦合的模式WRF-Chem V3. 5(Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled to Chemistry Version 3. 5)对2016年11月3-6日的一次京津冀污染过程展开了数值模拟,设计进行了包含人为排放源的实验,运用有效的模拟结果对过程进行分析。结果表明:大气稳定度指数能有效量化反映污染过程中的大气稳定状况,且K指数和TT指数相较其他两种指数的指示效果更为准确,是讨论雾霾发生发展原因的有力依据。本次污染高值中心有三个,分别为北京天津一带、河北东北部以及河北南部。PM_(2. 5)、PM_(10)以及SO_2污染物水平分布有明显日变化特征,CO和NO_2则变化不明显,污染从3日开始发展至6日结束,除NO_2外各项污染物都明显受到冷空气的影响,在6日浓度骤降。北京和天津地区的污染是主要来源于河北南部的工业和交通排放的外源型污染,而河北东北部和河北南部的污染则是主要受本地排放影响的内源型污染。污染物主要化学成分为CO,污染物颗粒PM_(2. 5)和PM_(10)量级相当且浓度差别不大,均对本次污染有较大贡献。     

东北冷涡下一次飑线和MCV的形成与水平涡度的关系

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,多普勒雷达观测资料等,对2016年7月25日一次东北冷涡下的飑线过程进行数值模拟,研究了飑线形成和维持与水平涡度的关系及飑线过程中中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)的形成机制,分析发现,高低层水平涡度逆时针旋转对本次飑线的形成和维持有很好的指示意义。(1)飑线发生前,高层渤海湾西侧出现水平涡度的逆时针旋转中心,并有较强的辐散配合,低层水平涡度为逆时针弯曲,为飑线产生提供了有利的上升运动条件。随后高层多个对流单体的水平涡度气旋式涡旋合并形成较大范围的气旋式涡旋结构,触发低层的上升运动,同时低层对流区前部形成一致的气旋式弯曲使得对流单体组织成带状结构,形成飑线。(2)飑线成熟时期高层水平涡度表现为统一大范围气旋式涡旋结构,低层则呈现典型的S型弯曲结构,水平涡度x方向的分量沿对流带从南至北表现为正负正,y方向的分量始终为正,并由对流带的中心向两侧减小,显示出水平涡度矢量旋转的方向对飑线影响的重要性。(3)由垂直涡度方程的分析得出,在飑线发展中期,MCV形成前,雷达反射率回波在500 hPa左右表现出明显的旋转,此时主要与500 hPa以上强的正涡度水平平流项及中层倾侧项和水平散度项有关,之后,在这几项的作用下使得中层风场产生气旋式旋转,形成MCV。      

错格傅里叶伪谱微分算子在波场模拟中的应用

本文在传统傅里叶微分矩阵的基础上,对原始微分算子进行改进,引入了错格微分算子的傅里叶伪谱方法．尽管该方法增加了一些计算量,但却极大地提高了计算精度和稳定性．而且,该方法将微分计算过程由传统的傅里叶变换转换为一般的矩阵矢量乘积,大大降低了微分求解过程的复杂程度．在均匀介质中,将错格伪谱微分算子计算的结果和解析解进行比较,结果表明本文算子几乎达到了解析解的精度．而在分层均匀介质中的实验结果同时显示,该方法精度高、稳定性好,是一种研究层状介质中地震波传播的有效数值方法．     

正则化预处理迭代算法在频率域声波模拟中的应用

高精度及高效频率域声波数值模拟的关键在于高效求解声波方程经离散化后得到的大型稀疏线性方程组.该方程组系数矩阵具有很强的稀疏性,非对称性和非正定性等特征,常用的迭代算法难以准确、高效地求解.为了改善数值模拟迭代算法的收敛性与稳定性,在算法基础上添加预条件算子是求解该类方程的常用方案.本文基于以上思路,引入正则化技术来构造合适的预条件算子,提出正则化预条件迭代算法,以加速求解方程组.通过包含有均匀介质和高非均匀度介质(Marmousi)模型的数值模拟实验结果表明:与单独使用迭代算法相比,本文提出的正则化预条件迭代算法在计算量方面仅多了一次矩阵-矢量相乘,内存消耗未增加;同时,基于该算法的数值模拟结果能够满足精度要求,较单独使用迭代法能够有效改善收敛性质,加快收敛速度;而且,在二维模型算例下,与LU分解算法相比,基于该算法的内存消耗大幅下降.     

一次东北冷涡背景下MCS过程多尺度能量相互作用研究

采用WRF模式对东北冷涡背景下MCS过程进行模拟,利用Barnes滤波将模式数据分解为3个尺度,分别代入相应的能量方程中进行计算,从能量角度研究MCS发展过程,多尺度系统能量相互转化,以及动能与降水的联系。研究表明:在此次过程中各尺度之间都有位能向动能的大量转化,为系统发展提供能量。在对流单体发展到M CS成形前,中低层天气尺度动能减少,天气尺度动能向β中小尺度动能转换,促进对流单体的发展;高层天气尺度动能增强,对应高空急流增强,促进对流系统发展;β中小尺度系统在中层对α中尺度系统有动能输送,促进MCS形成。在MCS形成和发展阶段,各尺度位能向α中尺度和β中小尺度动能转化达到最大。在MCS减弱阶段,天气尺度系统和α中尺度系统在中高层对β中小尺度系统有一定的抑制作用,使β中小尺度系统发展减弱。此次过程中β中小尺度系统是降水的直接成因,动能变化的正值中心对应大的降水中心。     

一次寒潮过程中冷堆增强的动力原因分析

利用ECMWF的0.75°×0.75°再分析资料对2016年2月14日的寒潮冷堆增强过程进行了分析,结果发现,寒潮冷堆增强过程中等熵面位涡守恒,315 K等熵面上寒潮冷堆表现为6 PVU的高位涡中心,垂直方向上寒潮冷堆区域高位涡下传到低层形成高位涡柱,冷堆的运动对应高位涡柱的运动.分析500 hPa寒潮冷堆变化发现,寒...     

2010年6月中旬浙闽赣地区暴雨特征和冰云热力效应的数值模拟分析

以2010年6月19日发生在浙闽赣地区的一次强降水过程为例,利用中尺度WRF模式进行模拟,用模拟资料对该地区降水收支特征和冰云热力作用进行分析。依据局地水汽/热量变化项、水汽/热量辐合辐散项和云凝物辐合辐散项这3个因子可将降水分为8类,其中局地水汽变干和大气变暖、水汽辐合和热量辐散以及云凝物辐合时,降水强度(雨强)最强,而局地水汽变湿和大气变冷、水汽辐合和热量辐散以及云凝物辐合时,降水覆盖率最大。冰云热力效应包括辐射和潜热两部分。基准试验与敏感性试验对比分析表明冰云辐射减弱降水,而冰云潜热增强降水。热量收支对比分析发现冰云辐射造成辐射冷却的减弱在对流层中低层随高度增加,减弱大气不稳定和降水;而冰云潜热造成潜热增强在对流层中高层随高度减小,增强大气不稳定和降水。     

DOMINANT PHYSICAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH PHASE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURFACE RAINFALL AND CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY

A lag correlation analysis is conducted with a 21-day TOGA COARE cloud-resolving model simulation data to identify the phase relation between surface rainfall and convective available potential energy (CAPE) and associated physical processes. The analysis shows that the maximum negative lag correlations between the model domain mean CAPE and rainfall occurs around lag hour 6. The minimum mean CAPE lags mean and convective rainfall through the vapor condensation and depositions, water vapor convergence, and heat divergence whereas it lags stratiform rainfall via the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions, vapor condensation and depositions, water vapor storage, and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.     

EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL SEPARATION SCHEMES BY PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD STATISTICS

In this study,two convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning schemes are evaluated using precipitation and cloud statistics for different rainfall types categorized by applying surface rainfall equation on grid-scale data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.One scheme is based on surface rainfall intensity whereas the other is based on cloud content information.The model is largely forced by the large-scale vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment(TOGA COARE).The results reveal that over 40% of convective rainfall is associated with water vapor divergence,which primarily comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric drying and water hydrometeor loss/convergence,caused by precipitation and evaporation of rain.More than 40% of stratiform rainfall is related to water vapor convergence,which largely comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence attributable to water clouds through precipitation and the evaporation of rain and ice clouds through the conversion from ice hydrometeor to water hydrometeor.This implies that the separation methods based on surface rainfall and cloud content may not clearly separate convective and stratiform rainfall.     

SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION TO SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET

The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface rainfall budget.For all experiments,the model is set up using zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind and is integrated over 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium states.The 10-day equilibrium grid-scale simulation data and a time-invariant SST of 29°C are used in the control experiment.In the sensitivity experiments,time-invariant SSTs are 27°C and 31°C with an average value of 29°C when the minimum and maximum values of diurnal SST differences are 1°C and 2°C,respectively.The results show that the largest contribution to total rainfall is from the rainfall with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence(~30%) in all experiments.When SST increases from 27°C to 29°C,the contribution from water vapor convergence decreases.The increase of SST reduces the contribution of the rainfall with water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence and the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with the diurnal difference of 1°C decreases the rainfall contribution from water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The contribution of the rainfall from water vapor convergence is barely changed as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.