敦煌盆地降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

基于敦煌盆地2012年11月至2013年11月降水氢、氧稳定同位素数据 (δD、δ¹⁸O和d-excess),结合GNIP降水同位素监测资料和HYSPLIT 4模型对降水后向气团传输路径模拟结果,对敦煌盆地降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源进行研究。结果表明:敦煌盆地降水δD和δ¹⁸O存在明显的季节效应,即降水δD和δ¹⁸O具有夏高冬低的变化特征;同时降水δD和δ¹⁸O表现出显著的温度效应,温度每升高1 ℃,δD增加6.89‰,δ¹⁸O增加0.92‰。敦煌盆地局地大气水线(LMWL)为δD=7.45δ¹⁸O+2.72(R²=0.98),受降水二次蒸发的影响,其斜率和截距均低于全球大气水线(GMWL)。降水d-excess受当地气温和相对湿度的影响,冬半年(11月至次年4月)偏正,夏半年(5-10月)偏负。从全年来看,敦煌盆地降水水汽主要来源于西风输送,冬季和春季受极地气团的影响,夏季部分降水事件受西南季风和局地再循环水汽的影响。     

1960~2005年西北地区低云量的时空变化及成因分析

基于西北地区177个站点1960~2005年逐日的低云量观测资料,运用地统计学、交叉小波分析和多元回归分析,分析了近46 a来西北地区低云量的时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明：近46 a来西北地区低云量呈较显著上升趋势,1997年之后上升显著。低云量空间呈自东南向西北递减的趋势。低云量与降水、相对湿度等呈显著的正相关,与昼夜温差、日照时数等呈显著的负相关。低云量存在2~4 a、准6 a、准11 a的周期变化,与宇宙射线在1982~1993年存在5~8 a的共振周期,与NOI指数存在2~4 a、准5 a、准11 a的共振周期,和太阳黑子的共振周期为9~11 a。     

中国典型季风海洋性冰川区雪坑中主要阴、阳离子的来源研究

Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na^＋ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl^-, NO3^- , SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. However, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it： firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.     

祁连山及河西走廊地表干湿变化的时空分布

利用20个气象站1960-2006年的逐日气象资料, 采用FAO Penman-Monteith模型, 计算出祁连山及河西走廊各气象站的月潜在蒸发量, 在此基础上计算各气象站的月湿润指数, 然后进行季节、年地表湿润指数的统计, 进而对研究区地表干湿状况的时空变化进行分析.结果表明: 祁连山及河西走廊在20世纪80年代之前地表相对干旱, 之后相对湿润, 自60年代以来地表湿润指数有逐年增大的趋势; 年地表湿润指数的年际变化率为0.001 4 a-1, 相关系数为0.428 1, 通过了0.01的置信度检验, 表明地表湿润状况有明显改善, 其中春季和冬季增加趋势明显, 夏季增加趋势和秋季减小趋势不太明显.地表干湿变化趋势在空间上有差异, 东部表现为东西差异, 自东向西逐渐变湿, 乌鞘岭以东呈变干趋势, 其他大部分地区显著变湿, 中部大部分地区呈不明显的变干趋势, 而托来南山以北地区显著变干, 张掖绿洲显著变湿, 西部除敦煌以西呈不显著的变湿趋势, 其他大部分地区显著变湿.      

我国典型海洋型冰川区高海拔区输出水量变化对气候变暖的响应

通过丽江盆地气象水文观测资料研究发现: 冰雪消融加剧、融水增加, 漾弓江流域径流量明显上升; 高海拔冰雪区消融期提前, 春季径流增加明显; 高海拔冰雪区的径流输出对漾弓江流域水量平衡的贡献量逐年增加, 体现了全球气候变暖背景下高海拔冰雪区对整个流域水循环的重要性.对海螺沟流域实测气象水文资料的分析也表明, 气候变暖背景下, 该流域冰雪区水量输出也逐年上升.两流域高海拔区输出水量的剧烈增加, 明显响应了气候变暖, 表明了流域水循环的加速, 这必然将对区域的发展和资源开发产生重要影响.      

基于Budyko假设的党河径流变化归因

流域水资源变化特征及其归因识别一直是水文研究的重要科学问题。本文以党河流域为研究区,采用线性倾向估计等方法分析了流域气象、下垫面和水文要素变化特征,基于Budyko水热耦合平衡方程量化了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献。结果表明：(1)流域内气温呈升高趋势,降水呈增加趋势,气候向暖湿化方向发展;(2)林地、草地、耕地、水域和建设用地面积增加,未利用地面积缩减;冰川退缩速率为3.86 km²·a^-1;多年平均最大冻结深度平均递减速率为1.14 cm·a^-1;(3)党河径流年际递增速率为0.21亿m³/10a,年内分配为“双峰型”,降水和气温对径流年内变化贡献分别为57.2%和42.8%,气候变化和人类活动对径流变化贡献分别为59.46%和40.54%。     

多年冻土地下水及其变化研究进展

冻土的低渗透性改变了地表水下渗,导致寒区流域产汇流过程发生改变;其季节冻融及引起的活动层深度变化,改变了土壤含水量从而调蓄流域储水量。过去数十年,气候变暖引起冻土退化重塑了寒区水文地质环境、改变了地下水热状况;而多年冻土退化的后果是其所含有的固态冰向液态地下水转化,进而改变多年冻土地下水的时空模态、生态环境和工程设施基础,影响多年冻土的碳汇功能,以及释放封存于其内的温室气体并进一步加速气候变化。尽管水化学和数值模拟技术的发展提升了人们对于冻土地下水补径排和循环机理的理解,但冻土区恶劣的环境和直接监测地下水的困难,仍然使冻土地下水研究存在巨大挑战。本文通过梳理多年冻土地下水相关文献,刻画了多年冻土地下水的时空模态,探讨了冻土与地下水的相互作用,认为在未来的研究中,水化学方法应更加侧重于冻土地下水动态,数值模拟应更加侧重于地下水热过程。另外,还整合了气候变化背景下多年冻土地下水变化的相关研究成果,描述了从补给区-排泄区、冻土融化起始-长期退化至消失过程中地下水的赋存、补径排变化以及这些变化所带来的影响。最后,尝试性探讨了冻土地下水研究未来可能的发展,以期为多年冻土地下水水文、水资源和生态环...     

Changes of the Hailuogou Glacier, Mt. Gongga,China, against the Background of Global Warming in the Last Several Decades

Great change, associated with global warming, has occurred at the Hailuogou (海螺沟)has retreated 1 822 m in the past 106 years, with an annual mean retreat of 17.2 m, and the front elevation has risen by 300 m since 1823. Comparison of glacier variations and temperature fluctuations in China and the Northern Hemisphere, over the last 100 years, indicates that glacier retreat stages occurred during the warm phase, and vice versa. Mass balance records during 1959/60--2003/04 have shown that the glacier has suffered a constant mass loss of snow and ice. The accumulated mass balance, -10.83 m water equivalent, indicates an annual mean value of -0.24 m water equivalent. The correlation between the mass balance and temperature is significant, which also indicates that climate warming is the crucial cause of glacier loss.Local hydrological and climatic data demonstrate that runoff from the glacier has been increasing both seasonally and annually.The correlation analysis and trend analysis indicate that ice and snow melted water is the main cause of an increase in the runoff. As the climate has become warmer, changes in the glacier surface morphology have obviously occurred. These include a decrease in glacier thickness, enlargement of glacial caves, and reduction of the size of clefts on the glacier surface. The ablation period has lengthened and the ablation area has expanded. A variety of factors thus provide evidence that the Hailuogou glacier has suffered a rapid loss of snow and ice as a result of climatic warming.     

祁连山古浪河流域径流组分特征

为了探究气候变暖、冰冻圈急剧萎缩背景下祁连山内陆河的水文状况,依据古浪河流域所采集的各类水体样品和相关观测数据,分析了各水体稳定同位素特征及其所指示的环境意义,并进行了径流分割。结果表明：（1）与降水相比,河水稳定同位素年际变化较小,从季节变化角度来看,河水δ¹⁸O值夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,反映了不同季节蒸发强度的差异。（2）泉水稳定同位素特征与河水相似,年际变化较为稳定,表明山区河水与泉水之间可能存在转换过程。（3）由于土壤水分交换、地表土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾以及土壤水和地下水之间的同位素差异,引起土壤水同位素组成的梯度差异比较明显,土壤水δ¹⁸O由地表向下经历了富集―贫化―富集的过程,d-excess变化则与之相反。（4）径流分割结果显示大气降水对古浪河流域出山径流的补给率高达76%±2.4%,冻土层上水补给为24%±2.4%。     

Characteristics of DDF at Baishui Glacier No.1 Region in Yulong Snow Mountain

Based on observed mass balance and meteorological data since September 2008 and ablation data by the expedition team of Tibetan plateau from June to August 1982 at Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1 region,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes of degree-day factor(DDF) of the Baishui Glacier No.1 following the changes of space,time,and temperature,which lays a theoretical foundation to establish DDF model.The results indicate that the melting DDF of ice showed a significant down-ward trend with rising temperat...