利用引力梯度数据计算径向梯度的优化方法

根据重力梯度观测各分量的方差及协方差信息,提出了利用GOCE梯度数据计算径向重力梯度的优化方法。首先给出了径向重力梯度的计算方法,并深入分析了误差传播规律,通过建立相应的条件极值问题,给出了计算径向重力梯度最优组合因子的方法;通过模拟数据验证了本文所提出的优化因子的优越性。实际数据计算表明:相对于传统方法,采用优化组合因子可使反演所得引力位模型的累积大地水准面精度在250阶时提高约2 cm。由于径向重力梯度不仅可以用于地球引力场模型的求解,也可直接应用于地球物理问题的讨论,因此本文所提出的优化方法也可对部分地球动力学问题的讨论提供方便。     

南海西北次海盆及其邻区的地热流特征与研究

西北次海盆是南海海盆的一个重要构造单元,揭示西北次海盆的地热流特征对于整体认识南海海盆热状态和热结构至关重要.沿着OBS2006-1地震剖面采集的一批实测地热流数据显示,该热流探测剖面横穿南海北部陆坡、西北次海盆、中沙隆起、东部次海盆4个构造单元,结合地震解释剖面等资料对西北次海盆进行地热流特征分析及研究.结果表明:西北次海盆的平均热流密度值为104.5±9.9 mW/m2,与中沙隆起相邻的东部次海盆北部的平均热流密度值为97±2.5 mW/m2,热流密度值的空间变化与地幔埋深起伏相对应,并受地幔热源所控制;通过研究热流异常点,发现水深相近的相邻站位之间的海底表层沉积物温度差异是判别测站受海底地下水热循环影响程度和类型的依据之一;用最新海洋地热流探测成果,结合区域地质与地球物理资料,推测西北次海盆形成演化时代与西南次海盆相近,只是它的生命史比较短暂.      

新疆西准噶尔庙尔沟地区赞岐岩地球化学特征、成因机制及其地质意义

西准噶尔庙尔沟岩体中发育大量近南北向岩脉,脉体中可见暗色闪长质包体。脉体主要为石英闪长(玢)岩,包体主要为闪长岩。石英闪长岩和闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为298.0±3.7 Ma和299.4±2.5 Ma,属晚石炭世晚期-早二叠世早期。岩石属钙碱性系列,具有中等的SiO_2(53.58%～57.89%)含量、较高的MgO(3.09%～4.83%)、Mg~#(44.69～54.12)、TiO_2(1.17%～1.66%)、Cr(51.24×10~(-6)～126.1×10~(-6))、Ni(35.91×10~(-6)～57.55×10~(-6))含量及K/Na值(0.35～0.70),富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba和U)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta和Ti),具弱负铕异常(δEu=0.67～1.08),类似于日本中新世Setouchi火山岩带及西准噶尔哈图地区赞岐岩,其源区应为受流体交代的亏损地幔。俯冲板片脱水所产生的流体在上升过程中与地幔楔发生反应,导致角闪石-尖晶石橄榄岩地幔源区发生2%～5%的部分熔融而形成具赞岐岩地球化学特征的庙尔沟岩脉。研究认为,西准噶尔南部地区在早二叠世早期仍为与俯冲消减相关的岛弧环境,多期次俯冲增生作用可能是造成西准噶尔南北俯冲时限差异的主要原因。     

基于岩土参数变异特性的三峡库区白水河滑坡失稳概率分析

以白水河滑坡为对象,从不确定性角度出发,通过直剪试验及已有参数取值分析,探讨了滑坡堆积体抗剪强度参数统计特性,以此开展了可靠性分析,得出了滑坡不同工况下的失稳概率,并与确定性分析结果(稳定性系数)进行了对比分析。结果表明:正态分布是白水河滑坡堆积体抗剪强度参数c和φ的最优分布类型;不同的参数取值使得稳定性系数结果具有显著差异性,而可靠性分析考虑了参数随机变异特征,其结论是一种概率的表征;水位下降及低水位运行是白水河滑坡稳定性的主要因素,降雨是次要因素,而水位上升及高水位运行有利于坡体的稳定,在水位下降并叠加10年一遇暴雨时,滑坡失稳概率可达18.08%,应加强该时段的滑坡监测预报工作。     

Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Data Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter for the Analysis and Forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar

This study explores the potential for directly assimilating polarimetric radar data (including reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to improve analysis and forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar (2018). Ewiniar weakened but brought about heavy rainfall over Guangdong, China after its final landfall. Two experiments are performed, one assimilating only Z and the other assimilating both Z and ZDR. Assimilation of ZDR together with Z effectively modifies hydrometeor fields, and improves the intensity, shape and position of rainbands. Forecast of 24-hour extraordinary rainfall ≥250 mm is significantly improved. Improvement can also be seen in the wind fields because of cross-variable covariance. The current study shows the possibility of applying polarimetric radar data to improve forecasting of tropical cyclones, which deserves more researches in the future.     

黔北坳陷高演化海相烃源岩中金刚烷类化合物及其意义

饱和烃气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析结果显示,黔北坳陷东皇剖面、玉京山剖面下志留统龙马溪组(S1l)烃源岩和黔南坳陷羊跳寨剖面下寒武统牛蹄塘组(?1n)烃源岩中存在C0–4单金刚烷系列、C0–3双金刚烷系列、C0–2三金刚烷系列、C0–1四金刚烷系列和C0–1五金刚烷系列的复杂组合,而在中等成熟的地质样品(镜质组反射率Ro=0.9％～1.4％)中一般仅出现烷基单金刚烷系列或烷基单金刚烷系列与烷基双金刚烷系列的简单组合,表明不同金刚烷类化合物的组合特征是衡量其经历热演化作用强度的定性指标.但黔北坳陷B1井?1n烃源岩和六井剖面上震旦统陡山沱组(Z2ds)烃源岩中缺失此类化合物,这可能与这些老地层经历的热演化作用强度(类镜质组反射率介于4.0％～5.5％之间)超出了金刚烷类化合物的热稳定性极限,并使它们遭到了分解破坏有关.研究区高演化海相烃源岩中金刚烷类化合物的浓度和相关异构体比值均明显高于中等成熟湖相烃源岩,结合类镜质组反射率的实测值判断,表明它们是衡量地质样品中有机质成熟度的有效指标.玉京山剖面S1l烃源岩中高金刚烷类化合物浓度和较低的相关异构体比值,表明此时金刚烷类化合物正大量生成;羊跳寨剖面?1n烃源岩中低的金刚烷类化合物浓度和高的相关异构体比值,说明此时金刚烷类化合物已遭到分解破坏;东皇剖面S1l烃源岩在金刚烷类化合物浓度和相关异构体比值上均介于两者之间,表明此时金刚烷类化合物开始发生明显分解破坏.因此,金刚烷类化合物的组合特征、浓度和相关异构体比值均是反映高演化地区烃源岩有机质成熟度的有效指标.     

西准噶尔达尔布特蛇绿岩带萨尔托海岩体深部结构、构造特征:地质与地球物理证据

西准噶尔地区分布多条蛇绿混杂岩带,地表地质已有大量研究成果,但蛇绿岩深部结构构造研究相对薄弱,一定程度上制约了该地区地质构造演化的深入认识.为此,本文选取达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩带萨尔托海段开展了大比例尺地质填图配套地面重力、磁法和可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)等综合测量,获得了该蛇绿岩体地表分布、接触关系以及深部的磁性、密度结构和电性特征,精细刻画了蛇绿岩的深部结构与构造,并进一步分析了其侵位机制和动力学过程.萨尔托海蛇绿岩具有低重力、高磁性和变化范围较宽的电阻率值,岩体整体以构造岩块状产出,表现出挤压逆冲、走滑剪切、破碎蚀变等变形变质.本文及前人研究成果表明,萨尔托海岩体是在近东西向挤压兼走滑应力作用下以斜向楔冲形式构造就位,并进一步受到后期左行走滑和岩浆作用的叠加改造.结合区域构造演化,西准噶尔蛇绿岩的构造侵位与晚石炭世板块汇聚背景下残余洋盆的收缩有关,持续的挤压兼走滑应力使残余洋盆下伏基底蛇绿岩沿断裂构造侵位于上覆沉积地层.     

普朗斑岩型铜矿床成矿元素多重分形特征及其矿化强度指示

成矿元素品位的变化受控于长期地质作用过程,具有较强的非线性特征,定量刻画其变化特征有助于深入理解成矿过程,并为找矿预测提供理论依据。运用多重分形去趋势移动均值（MFDMA） 法,分析云南普朗斑岩型铜矿床4号勘探线钻孔Cu元素品位的多重分形特征及其对矿化强度的指示意义。结果显示：所有钻孔Cu元素品位具有多重分形特征,且不同矿化等级的元素分布存在局部奇异性差异,多重分形强度随矿化强度等级减弱而增加;这些特征指示在钾硅化带—带内侧强矿化钻孔的高品位相对聚集,而带外侧角岩化—青磐岩化带的高品位相对分散;通过数据随机重排技术推测Cu品位多重分形结构奇异性差异是由其分布概率密度和长相关性共同作用引起,后者的作用贡献大于前者。     

CAUSAL ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INSHORE INTENSIFICATION OF SUPER TYPHOON “HATO”

This paper comprehensively analyzes the characteristics and cause of the inshore intensification of super typhoon "Hato", the 13 th super typhoon in 2017. The aspects of typhoon structure, evolution of large-scale circulation and physical quantity field are analyzed using observation data from the Guangdong Automatic Station, Shenzhen Doppler Radar data, NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data, NCEP 0.25°×0.25° sea surface temperature(SST) data, etc.Additionally, in order to investigate the influence of SST change on the intensity of "Hato", the WRF model and ECMWF 0.125°×0.125° reanalysis data are combined to conduct 3 sensitivity tests on"Hato". The results show that the favorable conditions for inshore intensification of "Hato"included the strengthening and westward extension of the subtropical high, continuous increase of low level moisture transport, an anomalous warm SST area north of 20°N in the South China Sea, an extreme divergence value in the northern South China Sea exceeding 6 ×10-5 s-1, and vertical environmental wind shear between 1.1 m/s-4.8 m/s. The intensity of"Hato"was very sensitive to changes in SST. When the SST rose or dropped by 2℃, the minimum central pressure of the typhoon changed by about 13 hPa or 11 hPa,respectively. SST indirectly influenced the intensity of the typhoon through affecting latent heat transport and sensible heat transport.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF AN EXTREME RAINSTORM OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION ON 7 MAY 2017 BASED ON WRF-ENKF

An ensemble Kalman filter based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-EnKF) is used to explore the effectiveness of the assimilation of surface observation data in an extreme local rainstorm over the Pearl River Delta region on 7 May 2017. Before the occurrence of rainstorm, the signals of weather forecasts in this case are too weak to be predicted by numerical weather model, but the surface temperature over the urban area are high. The results of this study show that the wind field, temperature, and water vapor are obviously adjusted by assimilating surface data of 10-m wind, 2-m temperature, and 2-m water vapor mixing ratio at 2300 BST 6 May, especially below the height of 2 km. The southerly wind over the Pearl River Delta region is enhanced, and the convergence of wind over the northern Guangzhou city is also enhanced. Additionally, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio and pseudoequivalent potential temperature are obviously increased over the urban region, providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of heavy precipitation. After assimilation, the predictions of 12-h rainfall amount, temperature, and relative humidity are significantly improved, and the rainfall intensity and distribution in this case can be successfully reproduced. Moreover, sensitivity tests suggest that the assimilation of 2-m temperature is the key to predict this extreme rainfall and just assimilating data of surface wind or water vapor is not workable, implying that urban heat island effect may be an important factor in this extreme rainstorm.