基于信息扩散理论的吉林省草原火灾风险评价

草原火灾影响我国牧区多发的自然灾害之一,每年都发生相当多的草原火灾,对牧区造成不同程度的财产损失和人员伤亡。利用信息扩散理论和风险分析理论对吉林省草原火灾进行了风险分析,解决了草原火灾小样本资料限制的问题。计算出吉林省草原火灾三个指标每年在各个水平下的发生概率,并得出了吉林省每年草原火灾过火面积和经济损失的风险值。通过研究发现,吉林省草原火灾每年发生5～20次的草原火灾概率较大;过火面积1 200 hm2左右的风险值最大;草原火灾造成的经济损失在15万元的风险值最大。对防灾减灾和草地保险具有重要意义。     

农业气象灾害风险评估研究进展与展望

农业气象灾害风险研究既是灾害学和农业气象学领域中研究的热点, 又是当前政府相关管理部门和农业生产部门亟需的应用性较强的课题。农业气象灾害风险评估的理论和方法进展很快, 但尚没有文献对相关研究做出较为系统的论述。为全面了解农业气象灾害风险评估的研究现状, 在综合分析近30年来相关文献的基础上, 对农业气象灾害风险评估方面所取得的研究成果进行了总结和评述, 指出了当前研究的一些不足, 并对今后农业气象灾害风险评估研究的趋势进行了展望。首先对农业气象灾害风险评估研究的历史进行了回顾;重点阐述了农业气象灾害风险评估的主要内容, 包括致灾因子的危险性评估, 承灾体脆弱或易损性评估, 灾情期望损失评估和灾害风险综合评估;归纳出农业气象灾害风险评估研究中采用的3类主要方法——基于指标的综合评估方法、基于数据的概率评估方法以及基于情景模拟的评估方法;最后对农业气象灾害风险评估目前存在的问题和未来可能的研究方向进行了探讨。     

哈尔滨市城市发展与热岛效应的定量研究

利用1986-2005年哈尔滨市区、郊区的年均气温资料以及哈尔滨市发展强度资料,分析了哈尔滨近20 a来城市发展与热岛效应的关系。结果表明：哈尔滨市发展强度指标与热岛效应之间具有显著的正相关关系,工业生产总值、建成区面积、全年用电量、公共交通实有车辆、年末实有道路面积、全年供水量是使哈尔滨市产生热岛效应的主要因子。综合城市发展指数与哈尔滨市年热岛强度指数的相关系数为0.72,二者拟合曲线初具环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。     

草原火灾风险评价与分区——以吉林省西部草原为例

草原火灾作为自然灾害的一种,是草原地区重要的灾害之一,对我国草原地区的可持续发展有着严重的负面效应。因此进行草原火灾风险评价研究对草原火灾管理显得极为重要。本文依据自然灾害风险分析原理,采用加权综合评分法、层次分析法 (AHP)在综合分析吉林省西部草原火灾的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力的基础上,建立草原火灾风险指数模型 (GFDRI),对研究区草原火灾风险程度进行了定量评价,并借助GIS技术将吉林省西部草原火灾分为轻度 、中度、重度和极重度4个风险区。检验结果证明草原火灾风险评价和分区具有较高的可靠性,可为当地草原防火部门火灾管理和减灾决策的制定提供依据和指导。     

东北春大豆精细化气候区划

以东北春大豆为研究对象,分早熟、中熟和晚熟3类熟型构建东北春大豆气候区划指标.利用基于模糊数学的区划指标隶属度函数和作物反应函数两种气候适宜度评价方法,结合精细化插值(Anusplin插值)后的东北地区1990-2019年气象数据,从时间、空间(1 km×1 km农田)和熟型开展东北春大豆精细化气候区划.结果 表明:8...     

哈尔滨市城市发展与热岛效应的定量研究

 利用1986-2005年哈尔滨市区、郊区的年均气温资料以及哈尔滨市发展强度资料,分析了哈尔滨近20 a来城市发展与热岛效应的关系。结果表明：哈尔滨市发展强度指标与热岛效应之间具有显著的正相关关系,工业生产总值、建成区面积、全年用电量、公共交通实有车辆、年末实有道路面积、全年供水量是使哈尔滨市产生热岛效应的主要因子。综合城市发展指数与哈尔滨市年热岛强度指数的相关系数为0.72,二者拟合曲线初具环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。     

基于Hurst指数的1982–2013年蒙古高原植被动态变化趋势及其影响因素分析（英文）

This study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982–2013 using Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) NDVI3 g data and explored the effects of climate factors and human activities on vegetation. The results indicate that NDVI has slight upward trend in the Mongolian Plateau over the last 32 years. The area in which NDVI increased was much larger than that in which it decreased. Increased NDVI was primarily distributed in the southern part of the plateau, especially in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. Improvement in the vegetative cover is predicted for a larger area compared to that in which degradation is predicted based on Hurst exponent analysis. The NDVI-indicated vegetation growth in the Mongolian Plateau is a combined result of climate variations and human activities. Specifically, the precipitation has been the dominant factor and the recent human effort in protecting the ecological environments has left readily detectable imprints in the NDVI data series.     

Heat injury risk assessment for single-cropping rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River under climate change

Under global warming, the risk of heat injury for crops increases, which leads to increasing instability in agricultural production. In this study, based on phenological observation data and yield data during 1981-2011 and daily meteorological data during 1961-2011 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR), the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice in this area and its response to climate change were assessed and analyzed. The risk was decomposed into such elements as hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity, in accordance with natural disaster risk assessment theory and the formation mechanisms of agrometeorological disasters.First, a hazard assessment model was established to identify spatiotemporal variations of the heat injury in the MLRYR during 1961-2011, and the relationship between heat injury hazard and air temperature was analyzed to identify the response of hazard to climate change. It was found that the heat injury hazard of single-cropping rice was positively correlated with the mean and maximum temperatures during the rice heading period of 20 days, with the hazard increasing sharply when the mean temperature exceeded 26.5°C and the maximum temperature exceeded 31°C. Then, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity were also quantitatively examined. The results show that vulnerability and hazard were the two most important factors in the heat injury risk assessment for single-cropping rice at most stations in the MLRYR.The risk assessment considering only the first three natural elements produced high-risk values (> 0.46) mainly in the northeast of the study area. By adding the regional capability in disaster prevention/mitigation into account, the risk assessment produced high-risk values in a much smaller area in the northeast but some-what larger areas in the southwest of the study domain. In general, the risk of heat injury differed greatly within the MLRYR. Particular rice varieties should be adopted for specific regions, according to the local risk features quantified by this study. Under the warming climate, the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice is likely to continue to increase.     

《昧水轩日记》记载的1609—1616年天气气候记录的初步分析

古代日记里蕴含着丰富的天气气候记录,使我们有可能从逐日的记载中,将过去气候演变环节上的一些模糊认识,得到明确的答案;通过对逐日记载的天气日记的气候恢复,还能为大尺度的气候重建,提供更高分辨率的依据。通过整理明代李日华所著的《味水轩日记》中天气、物候、感应和天文记录,并且和其它史志文献进行对比分析,发现公元1609年地方志“冬无雪”的记载可能有误,并初步重建了公元1611年夏秋季节的台风带来的暴风雨天气、公元1613年和1614年的秋旱、公元1616年雨雪冰冻的天气过程和极端天气,以期能对明代嘉兴地区的气候研究有一定的帮助。     

正压大气动能梯度与地转偏差的关系及其对暴雨的诊断

本文从正压大气原始方程组出发,分析了不同尺度天气系统中动能梯度与地转偏差之间的关系。结果表明:在天气尺度和α中尺度运动中,动能梯度的模与地转偏差的模大致成正比。对天气尺度该比例系数为地转参数,且与运动本身无关。对较小尺度天气系统,该比例系数与运动本身密切相关。在β中尺度运动中,动能梯度的模小于等于两项之和,两项中的第一项与地转偏差的模成比例,第二项则是地转偏差时间导数的模。在动能梯度的高值区,运动的非平衡性和暴发性强。本文还以上海"08.8.25"暴雨过程为例,对500 hPa上的动能梯度做了诊断,发现动能梯度大值区与强降水的分布有很好的对应关系,并与以上理论分析相一致,这对暴雨等灾害性天气预报具有应用价值。