陕北黄土高原正负地形研究(英文)

The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess landforms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.     

疏松砂岩储层窜流通道平面分布规律研究

国内大部分高含水油田,注入水窜流现象较为严重,已成为影响油田高效开发的主要矛盾,对窜流通道形成后渗透率场的计算与描述显得尤为迫切和重要。目前窜流通道参数计算方法,只能计算得到注采井点的渗透率数值,不能计算得到注采井间的渗透率分布状况,并且目前窜流通道渗透率计算方法没有将室内实验结果、数值模拟结果和油藏工程方法结果有效结合起来。以国内某高含水油田为例,通过长期注水冲刷实验,模拟了窜流通道的动态形成过程,归纳出了储层岩石注水冲刷倍数与渗透率之间的关系式。在常规数值模拟计算方法的基础上,将渗透率变化规律模型引入到数值模拟计算中,建立了计算窜流通道平面分布的新方法。以海上某油田的地质模型为基础,计算得到了该油田目前状态的窜流通道渗透率平面二维分布规律。综合对比动态数据法、概率密度模型法、经验公式法和示踪剂测试结果,证明本方法得到的结果真实可靠。     

无参考序列条件下地面气温观测资料城市化偏差订正方法：以北京站为例

本文以北京气象站长期地面气温观测资料为例,发展了一种无早期参考序列条件下城镇站城市化偏差评价和订正方法.首先对北京站逐月平均最高、最低气温资料进行质量控制和均一化处理,并借助卫星遥感亮度温度资料遴选附近乡村站;然后利用最近3年逐时地面气温资料,计算观象台和5个乡村站各月平均地面气温的差值,把其作为北京站1915-2012年期间的城市化累积影响;最后假设城市化累积影响在整个研究时期呈匀速增长,采用线性订正法对地面月平均气温序列中的城市化偏差进行订正.分析表明：资料均一化处理后,北京站近百年最高、最低和平均气温多年平均值有所下降,气温日较差则有所提高,但三种年平均气温序列增温趋势和年平均气温日较差序列下降趋势有所增强.北京站年平均最低气温、平均气温和气温日较差序列中均存在较大的城市化累积影响,其中最低气温和平均气温四个季节均为正值,冬季最大,秋季次之,夏季最小,四季和年平均气温日较差均为较大的负值.订正城市化偏差后,最低气温和平均气温增加速率均明显下降,年平均气温日较差下降趋势则明显变弱.     

２００９年陕西省雷电分布与雷电灾害特征

应用2009年陕西省雷电监测数据与发生的雷电灾害事例,对雷电分布特征和雷电灾害特征进行分析,发现2009年陕西省雷电天气较往年具有＂开始早,结束晚＂的特征,全年发生雷电灾害事故14起,较往年明显减少。为更好地做好防雷减灾工作,提出应对措施。     

社交网络时空大数据聚类挖掘有效选择分析

来自社交网络的时空大数据具有海量和高动态的特性,有效选择时空数据进行聚焦挖掘分析至关重要。以微博位置签到数据为例,首先,对时空大数据空间聚类挖掘的有效选择问题进行了研究,针对社交网络时空数据不确定性问题,提出了时空大数据针对聚类挖掘的有效选择方法。聚类挖掘有效选择方法提出从空间、时间或属性等维度对时空大数据进行分割。然后,对分割得到的数据集进行空间探索分析(exploratory spatial data analysis,ESDA),得到具有聚类挖掘潜力的数据集。最后,以武汉市微博位置签到数据进行商圈热点探测为例,对提出的社交网络时空大数据聚类挖掘有效选择方法进行验证。结果表明,有效选择方法可以得到挖掘效率和精准性更高的时空数据集。     

松散地层桥台坑壁防渗施工的成孔与注浆

针对富含水的砂卵砾石地层钻进困难、效率低和容易坍孔的特点，提出以潜孔锤钻进为基础，二次套管风力扫孔后下入注浆管进行注浆的施工工艺。探索了该地层浅孔条件下的一种简单、高效的成孔和注浆方法。     

全球纬向年平均温度变化的随机模式

本文利用Sellers,W.D.模式的计算结果对随机响应系统的动力过程进行线性化,得到地气系统各纬度带温度随时间变化的随机动力模式,借此模式得到的各个纬度带温度变化主要特征与实际情况基本一致,最后给出了低纬海洋热输送全球效应的模拟试验结果。     

基于CT-CA的天然裂隙岩石受拉破坏特性研究

岩石内部存在的裂隙、孔洞等天然损伤对岩石的力学性能和破坏过程有重要影响,依据细胞自动机理论结合CT无损识别技术实现了含天然裂隙岩石在劈裂条件下裂纹扩展和贯通全过程及其力学性能变化规律的研究。从裂隙砂岩的真实细观结构出发,构建了天然裂隙岩石的数值计算模型,运用CASRock数值计算软件完成了含不同裂隙倾角的砂岩劈裂破坏的数值试验,分析了裂隙倾角对砂岩的力学特性、裂纹扩展过程及能量演化的影响规律。研究表明:(1)天然裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度与裂隙倾角密切相关,随着裂隙倾角的增加,其抗拉强度呈现先减小后增加的趋势;(2)裂隙起裂于天然裂隙尖端,当裂隙倾角0°≤θ<48°时,岩样的破坏是由错开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近垂直方向扩展;当裂隙倾角48°≤θ<94°时,岩样的破坏是由张开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近平行方向扩展;(3)劈裂过程中裂纹尖端应力场存在拉应力区和压应力区,拉应力造成翼裂纹由天然裂隙尖端沿加载端方向萌生扩展,而压应力则引发次生裂纹沿天然裂隙方向扩展;(4)含天然裂隙砂岩劈裂破坏过程能量演化可划分为4个阶段,随裂隙倾角的增大,峰值点处的总能量密度、弹性能密度先缓慢减少再迅速增加,但对岩样耗散能影响不大。     

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.     

贵阳机场一次准静止锋影响下的锋面雾天气诊断分析

利用天气学分析和物理量诊断方法,选取常规观测资料、探空资料,对2016年11月17日贵阳机场一次准静止锋影响下的锋面雾天气过程进行分析。结果表明,高空槽前强盛的西南气流、低空西南急流与高空系统减弱西退导致的弱冷空气加入、准静止锋的摆动是此次锋面雾生成的关键系统。南海是此次过程的水汽源,低层充沛的水汽、弱风与双层逆温的建立与破坏、前期弱垂直上升运动演变为之后的下沉运动,均有利于大雾的产生。