关于加强河北省地理标志保护的思考

1地理标志的概念和特征世贸组织于1994年通过的《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(TRIPS协议)第22条第1款规定：“本协议的地理标志系指下列标志：其标示出某商品来源于某成员地域内,或来源于该地域中某地区或某地方,该商品的特定质量、信誉或其他特征,主要与该地理来源相关联”。我国在2001年10月新修订的《商标法》中也增加了地理标志的有关内容,其中第16条第2款明确规定：“前款所称地理标志是指标示某商品来源于某地区,该商品的特定质量、信誉或者其他特征,主要由该地区的自然因素或者人文因素所决定的标志”。第一次在法律上明确了对地理标志的保护。根据上述定义,地理标志具有以下特征：1)是特定地区名称与特定产品的结合,用于指示该产品来源于该地区,该产品的质量特点和声誉等主要取决于该地理因素,如西湖龙井、烟台苹果、日照绿茶等。2)所标示产品的特定品质、信誉或其他特征主要由此地理来源的自然因素或人文因素决定。如蠡县麻山药是目前保定市唯一一家地理标志保护产品,其独特的品质与蠡县特有的自然条件(沙质土壤富含钾元素等成分、土质结构独特、光热条件适宜等)和高标准的管理密切相关。3)是经过长期发展、自然形成的。某地区某种产品的特定质量或其他特点,只有经过相当长的时间才能被广大消费者所认识,且只有保持稳定和持久,才能声名远播。如河北省迁西县的迁西板栗,至今已有2 000多年的栽培历史。     

江苏近岸紫菜养殖筏架区定生绿藻群落结构及其受控因素

基于2010年10月至2011年4月对苏北紫菜养殖筏架区定生绿藻及环境因素调查数据,分析研究了紫菜筏架上定生绿藻种群结构和数量变化及重要环境因子对其的影响并估算了调查区绿藻总生物量.结果表明,筏架上定生绿藻种类有浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、盒管藻(Capsosiphon groenlandicus)、缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)、肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)、条浒苔(Ulva clathrata)和扁浒苔(Ulva compressa).绿藻生物量变化呈倒抛物线型,4月份为主高峰14898吨,11月份为次高峰2034吨,2月份最低,仅为729吨,3-4月份绿藻几乎呈暴发性增长.种类多样性随季节变化有很大差异,养殖筏架刚入海的9、10月份,绿藻种类丰富,生物多样性高;12月至笠年2月,尽管生物量很低,但仍是多种并存;3-4月份随着生物量的猛增,种类多样性降至最低,盒管藻优势地位明显,生物量比例最大能到80%,浒苔比例呈指数增长,达20%～40%.水温对绿藻生物量及种类演替有直接调控作用,在水温< 10℃时,绿藻即能快速生长;而盐度作用不明显.开展紫菜筏架上定生绿藻群落动态变化及其生物量的估算,为追溯南黄海大规模绿潮发源地提供佐证,为绿潮预防和治理提供基础数据支撑.     

GPS控制网多方案平差比较研究

GPS测量以其全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等特点,已逐步取代了最初的常规大地测量和工程测量。文章以某大学新校区首级控制网为例,在Pinnacle软件的支持下用三种方案对控制网进行了平差,得出了各测站点的坐标。研究与分析结果表明：采用战役模式的基线解算方案,平差精度最高,其结果为控制网的最终优选结果,可应用于该大学新校区的后期规划与建设。     

土壤多样性的概念及其争议

介绍了Ibanez等提出并发展的土壤多样性概念及其计量方法论，简要阐述了利用土壤多样性方法分析全球尺度的土壤空间和分布规律的尝试，进而概括了知名土壤学家和生态学家对土壤多样性及其计量方法论所提出的建设性意见和不同观点，最后讨论了土壤多样性在土壤学及其他相关学科的应用前景。     

苏州城郊土地利用变化对土壤的影响

1IntroductionThe conversion of natural systems to agricultural production has been the primary basis for the successful growth of human populations for the last 9,000 years (Kates etal., 1990). The conflict between urban and agricultural land use, however…     

中国中、东部典型样区不同发展水平下土壤与土地利用多样性的对比分析(英文)

Two typical provincial capitals (Nanjing and Zhengzhou) and two counties (Rugao and Yuanyang) in east (Jiangsu Province) and central (Henan Province) China were chosen respectively as the developed and less developed comparative cases for pedodiversity and land use diversity correlative analysis by borrowing the recently better developed pedodiversity methodology. Land use classification was worked out using remote sensing images in three different periods (1986-1988, 2000-2001 and 2004-2006) for these studied case areas before the calculation of the constituent diversity index and spatial distribution diversity index modified after Shannon entropy in 2 km×2 km grid scale of the soil and land use pattern were conducted and then a connection index was proposed to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity. Results show that during the years from 1986 to 2006, the composition and spatial distribution of regional land use pattern had changed greatly. The agricultural land area of all the studied case areas decreased obviously in which Nanjing has the highest decrement of 895.98 km 2 mainly into urban use while the other land use type area changes show the same trend. The connection index of four typical soil family types and typical urban land use types, i.e., urban construction land, transportation land and industrial and mining area all increased in this period. In the studied case areas, there is the highest soil constituent diversity in Zhengzhou at 0.779 while the simplest soil constituent diversity in Rugao at 0.582. Meanwhile we have higher land use diversity in the more urbanized Jiangsu Province than Henan Province, Nanjing is ranking the first that has been getting higher and higher in the three periods at 0.366 in 1986-1988, 0.483 in 2000-2001 and 0.545 in 2004-2006. Finally, the connection index figures to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity of the studied areas were compared to show the similar phenomenon that this figure grows fastest in Nanjing followed by Zhengzhou and other places.     

土壤多样性及其测度--以海南岛不同母岩上发育的土壤为例

利用多样性理论与测度方法对我国海南岛地区不同母岩上发育土壤的类型多样性及其分布模式进行定量化分析和研究，结果表明：发育不同类型母岩上的土壤多样性指数从大到小依次为火成岩、沉积岩、松散沉积物和变质岩，其中以发育在滨海堆积物上的土壤的多样性指数最高，发育于流纹岩上的最低；不同类型的母岩上发育土壤的面积分布均不同程度地符合对数正态分布。     

SOTER支持下ALES模型对海南省热带作物适宜性评价研究

在海南省1：25万SOTER数据库的支持下，根据联合国土地评价框架的有 关原则和概念，选取海南省4种热带作物建立了8种评价模型，运行ALES评价系统，得出不同气候条件下，不同土地利用状况下SOTER单元上作物适宜性评价指数，将此评价指数与GIS相连，可根据用户的要求输出评价成果。     

基于人为调控盐度的促进大叶藻种子萌发及建苗技术研究

Vast declines in Zostera marina seagrass beds demand effective methods of rehabilitation. In this study, we developed a practical method by reducing salinity to induce seed germination followed with recovering salinity to facilitate seedling production of Z. marina. The results showed that Z. marina seeds collected from natural seawater(salinity 30) were induced to germinate at reduced salinities. Percent germination(GR) was higher and mean-time-to-germinate(MTG) was shorter at lower salinities. The highest GR and shortest MTG occurred at salinity 0(deionized freshwater). After germination in freshwater, seeds could develop into seedlings at salinities5–30 and continue the growth. Viability or development of germinated seeds was not significantly different during the 40 d of post-germination incubation at salinities 5–15 after 1–20 d of germination in freshwater. However,during the process of translating germinated seeds from salinity 0 and 5 to salinity 30, reducing the gradients of post-germination acclimation facilitated more seeds forming seedlings in less time. On average, after 60 d of static incubation, including 20 d in freshwater for germination followed with immediate shift to salinity 5 and increasing to salinity 30 at increment of 5 every two days until cultivation at constant salinity 30, 33% of Z. marina seeds produced healthy seedlings. The results indicate that the salinity-manipulation based method of artificial germination and seedling production is practical and effective in supporting rehabilitation of Z. marina bed.     

应用生态模型研究近海贝类养殖的可持续发展

建立了一个贝藻混养生态模型，并应用于桑沟湾栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎和海带混养生态系统的模拟。这一模型在个体生长模型的基础上模拟种群的生长情况；通过模拟不同播苗养殖和收获方式下的产量，以及不同混养方式对海洋生态系统的影响来确定养殖容量。采用该模型的研究结果表明：当养殖密度分别增加到目前扇贝和牡蛎放苗量的2倍和15倍时总产量最高(达到养殖容量)，但单位面积产量和产量／播苗比减少，因此效益是下降的；扇贝放苗量增加到目前的15倍，牡蛎增加到30倍时会导致养殖生产崩溃，同时生态系统也发生改变：在目前养殖密度下，桑沟湾向黄海输出初级生产产品，但是当放苗密度增加到15～20倍时，桑沟湾需要黄海向其输入初级生产产品。上述结果表明，该模型可以迅速模拟养殖生物量和生态系统的变化，在多元养殖管理中可作为一种有效的管理工具。