Changes in Seasonal Patterns of Temperature and Precipitation in China During 1971-2000

Many studies have shown evidence for significant changes in surface climate in different regions of the world and during different seasons over the past 100 years. Based on daily temperature and precipitation data from 720 climate stations in China, cluster analysis was used to identify regions in China that have experienced similar changes in the seasonal cycle of temperature and precipitation during the 1971-2000 climate normal period. Differences in 11-day averages of daily mean temperature and total precipitation between the first （1971-1985） and second （1986-2000） halves of the record were analyzed using the Mann- Whitney U test and the global κ-means clustering algorithm. Results show that most parts of China experienced significant increases in temperature between the two periods, especially in winter, although some of this warming may be attributable to the urban heat island effect in large cities. Most of western China experienced more precipitation in 1986-2000, while precipitation decreased in the Yellow River valley. Changes in the summer monsoon were also evident, with decreases in precipitation during the onset and decay phases, and increases during the wettest period.     

青藏高原上空温度场低频变化的垂直结构及其与热带海气的相互关系

采用一点相关法研究了青藏高原东部对流层－平流层下部温度场低频变化的垂直结构,指出了最大负相关层的高度和强度随季节的变化特点,并与高原北部格尔木和我国东部（１２０°Ｅ、３０～５０°Ｎ）区域作了比较。从青藏高原对流层顶高度的季节变化、大气温度层结和动能垂直分布探讨了青藏高原温度场低频垂直结构及季节变化的物理背景。并指出：秋季１０～１１月青藏高原东部垂直热力结构、赤道印度洋－太平洋的两个纬向垂直Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流圈强度与赤道东太平洋（０～１０°Ｓ、１８０～９０°Ｗ）区域ＳＳＴＡ之间具有极为密切的耦合关系。     

Characteristics and Diagnosis of the Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China During 1981-2018

This paper applies statistical and synthetic analysis methods to study the characteristics of the three types of tropical cyclone (TC) that landed in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 1981 to 2018 and the reasons for the differences of TC-induced wind and precipitation. The results show that there are interdecadal changes in the frequency and intensity of the landfalling TCs in the GBA, with decreased frequency but increased intensity in the 2010s. The TCs that landed in the west of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) have the most frequency and the strongest intensity during landing, which bring the strongest winds; the TCs that landed in the PRE have the least frequency and the shortest duration after landing, which cause the strongest precipitation; the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE have the relatively longest duration on the land. This study shows that near the center of the TCs that landed in the PRE, there is a weak anomalous cyclonic shear compared with the ones that landed in the west of the PRE. Compared with the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE, it is a confluence area of anomalous north wind and anomalous southwest wind, with better water vapor convergence and dynamic rising conditions, which is conducive to the formation of heavy precipitation. Compared with the TCs that landed in the PRE and in its east, there is a closed positive anomalous center of pressure gradient in the northwest center of the TCs that landed in its west, resulting in higher wind speeds in the west of the PRE. The characteristics of the three types of TCs in the GBA are highly related to TC-induced damage. In the future, the GBA needs to focus on preventing TCs landing in its west. Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Huizhou are key cities to guard against TCs. The results of this study provide foundations for effective management and reduction of TC disaster risks in the future construction of the GBA.     

综合气象观测系统的发展

回顾了气象探测发展史,分析了气象探测与气象预报、气象科学发展之间的紧密关系,指出了气象探测的发展推动了气象科学、气象预报和气象服务的发展;进一步描述了气象探测发展的现状,对于新技术的应用前景与气象仪器的未来发展趋势进行了分析与阐述,同时介绍了国际GCOS、GEOSS、WIGOS综合观测计划.     

青藏高原沙尘及其可能的气候意义

利用1961-2000年高原91个站的气象实测资料并结合高原沙区分布状况，分析了近40a青藏高原沙尘暴的时空分布特征。结果表明，高原具备发生沙尘暴的前提条件，大片的流动沙丘和大片荒漠化土地为沙尘暴的发生提供了充足的沙源，年沙尘暴发生频率非常高，大体有以羌塘高原为中心向东南逐渐减少的趋势。从12月至翌年4月，沙尘暴发生中心从藏南的雅鲁藏布江上游河谷地区依次逐渐向北扩展到羌塘高原南部、羌塘高原及塔里木盆地南部，这种季节性摆动与副热带西风急流的位置变化密切相关，加上高原海拔4000～5000m的高度，细粒物质被轻松地扬升到西风急流区，传往遥远的北太平洋地区，高原成为远程传输最高效的沙尘源地之一。沉降在北太平洋的沙尘，加强了海洋生物泵的效率，进而可能对全球气候产生影响。