化探原生晕与激电测量相结合找矿效果——以新疆博乐市喇嘛苏外围地区多金属矿区为例

新疆博乐市喇嘛苏外围地区地表岩石风化剥蚀严重,直接找矿标志不明显,以大功率激电中梯测量为辅助功能的大比例尺岩石地球化学测量方法对发现和圈定隐伏矿体起到了重要作用。根据化探原生晕元素组合特点及空间分布特征,以单元素异常下限值和富集系数为划分标准,圈定了六个Ⅲ级化探异常带,异常评价初步认为Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag—W—Sn—Mn—As—Au—Bi多元素叠加异常的形成为找矿有利区,选元素共生组合特点较明显的异常带开展大功率激电工作进行化探异常的验证。在推断出的成矿有利部位布设钻孔并可见到矿体。     

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder water vapor and ozone profiles over the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent region during boreal summer

We present validation studies of MLS V2.2 and V3.3 water vapor(WV) and ozone profiles over the Tibetan Plateau(Naqu and Lhasa) and its adjacent region(Tengchong) respectively by using the balloon-borne Cryogenic Frost point Hygrometer and Electrochemical Concentration Cell ozonesonde. Coincident in situ measurements were selected to compare the MLS V2.2 and V3.3 WV and ozone profiles for understanding the applicability of the two version MLS products over the region. MLS V2.2 and V3.3 WV profiles respectively show their differences within ?2.2±15.7%(n=74) and 0.3±14.9%(n=75) in the stratosphere at and above 82.5 h Pa. Accordingly, at 100 h Pa, the altitude approaching the tropopuase height, differences are within 9.8± 46.0%(n=18) and 23.0±45.8%(n=17), and they are within 21.5±90.6%(n=104) and 6.0±83.4%(n=99) in upper troposphere. The differences of MLS ozone are within ?11.7±16.3%(n=135, V2.2) and 15.6±24.2%(n=305, V3.3) at and above 82.5 h Pa. At 100 h Pa, they are within ?3.5±54.4%(n=27) and ?8.7±41.6%(n=38), and within 18.0±79.1%(n=47) and 34.2±76.6%(n=160) in the upper troposphere. The relative difference of MLS WV and ozone profile has significant oscillation and scatter at upper troposphere and lower stratosphere partly due to the stronger gradients of WV and ozone concentrations here as well the linear interpolation of sonde data for the intercomparison. At and below 70 h Pa, the relative differences of MLS ozone are significantly larger over Lhasa during the Tibetan Plateau "ozone valley" season, which is also the Asian Summer Monsoon period. The MLS ozone differences over the three sites are similar in their vertical distributions during that period. A simple linear correlation analysis between MLS and sonde profiles indicates that the sensitivity of MLS profile products is related to concentrations at each pressure level. The MLS V3.3 product sensitivity is slightly improved for WV at and above 82.5 h Pa, whereas it is not obvious for ozone. The possible factors contributing to the differences of the MLS profile products of WV and ozone are discussed.     

Setting priorities for land management to mitigate climate change

Background

No consensus has been reached how to measure the effectiveness of climate change mitigation in the land-use sector and how to prioritize land use accordingly. We used the long-term cumulative and average sectorial C stocks in biomass, soil and products, C stock changes, the substitution of fossil energy and of energy-intensive products, and net present value (NPV) as evaluation criteria for the effectiveness of a hectare of productive land to mitigate climate change and produce economic returns. We evaluated land management options using real-life data of Thuringia, a region representative for central-western European conditions, and input from life cycle assessment, with a carbon-tracking model. We focused on solid biomass use for energy production.

Results

In forestry, the traditional timber production was most economically viable and most climate-friendly due to an assumed recycling rate of 80% of wood products for bioenergy. Intensification towards "pure bioenergy production" would reduce the average sectorial C stocks and the C substitution and would turn NPV negative. In the forest conservation (non-use) option, the sectorial C stocks increased by 52% against timber production, which was not compensated by foregone wood products and C substitution. Among the cropland options wheat for food with straw use for energy, whole cereals for energy, and short rotation coppice for bioenergy the latter was most climate-friendly. However, specific subsidies or incentives for perennials would be needed to favour this option.

Conclusions

When using the harvested products as materials prior to energy use there is no climate argument to support intensification by switching from sawn-wood timber production towards energy-wood in forestry systems. A legal framework would be needed to ensure that harvested products are first used for raw materials prior to energy use. Only an effective recycling of biomaterials frees land for long-term sustained C sequestration by conservation. Reuse cascades avoid additional emissions from shifting production or intensification.     

内蒙古拐子湖地区风沙运动若干参数计算

 利用内蒙古拐子湖地区风沙观测场2011年3～5月的沙尘暴强化观测资料,分析计算了巴丹吉林沙漠北缘平坦沙地的地表粗糙度、临界摩擦速度、临界起沙风速等风沙运动关键参数。初步结论如下：观测期间地表粗糙度的变化范围为1.0×10-7～ 9.0×10-1cm,平均粗糙度为0.942 cm;临界摩擦速度约为0.34 m/s;2 m高度的起沙风速约为4.6 m/s。     

阿图什市城市化过程的大气环境污染效应

以典型的干旱区绿洲城市阿图什市为例,借助国内外城市化与大气环境污染方面的研究成果,分别选取7个城市化指标和4个大气环境污染指标,应用阿图什市1990-2008年的城市化与大气环境污染数据,计算各指标综合指数,建立城市化与大气环境污染的关系模型,分析阿图什市1990-2008年城市化过程的大气环境污染效应。结果表明:阿图什市1990-2008年城市化发展速度快,城市化综合指数呈现非线性增长趋势;阿图什市大气环境污染物质浓度的波动性变化比较显著,但还是以总悬浮微粒为主,阿图什市1990-2008年大气环境污染综合指数呈现倒"U"型变化趋势;利用1990-2008年阿图什市的时间序列数据,通过计算城市化综合指数与大气环境污染综合指数,构建三次多项式模型进行城市化与大气环境污染之间相互关系的分析发现,阿图什市1990-2008年城市化与大气环境污染之间的关系拟合曲线不符合环境库兹涅茨倒"U"型曲线,而呈现出环境库兹涅茨倒"U"型曲线的特殊格式"N"型曲线关系。通过完善公共交通体系,加强建筑施工管理,改善城市绿化系统以及推进新技术等方式解决城市化带来的大气环境污染问题。     

基于变化轨迹探测的植被景观格局动态分析——以塔里木河下游生态输水区域为例

 在遥感与GIS技术支持下,以2006、2007、2009、2010年Landsat-5/TM影像与2008年的CBERS/CCD影像为主要数据源,获得5 a的植被/非植被类型图。在此基础上,提取并归纳5 a间的植被变化轨迹:恒定植被、恒定非植被、转变为植被、转变为非植被、非稳定变化。利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS 3.3计算了变化轨迹景观格局的3种景观指标。结果表明,2006—2010年植被面积减小,主要因为生态输水量减小、输水间隔较大,导致草本植被、乔灌木幼苗死亡;恒定非植被的比重最大,表明非植被类型是研究区的基质,其次是转变为非植被的比重,说明5 a间植被的衰退程度要强于恢复程度;转变为植被与非稳定变化两种类型属于过渡性植被变化类型,受生态输水量、分布的制约严重;各种变化轨迹类型的形状规则较为稳定,其中以恒定非植被类型最稳定而非稳定变化类型最不稳定。     

咸水灌溉对沙漠中罗布麻适应性的调控

 通过模拟测定不同矿化度咸水灌溉下红花罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）幼苗叶绿素荧光参数、叶水势和株高生长速率,研究了不同矿化度咸水灌溉对其适应性的调控。研究结果表明,随着灌水矿化度的增加,叶片样本的叶绿素含量呈先下降再升高的波动状态,叶水势基本保持稳定;光能的吸收、分配和耗散在10 g·L-1达到平衡,株高生长速率在10 g·L-1出现最大值9.8 mm·d-1;随着胁迫时间的延长,表征健康程度的最大量子产率Fv/Fm下降,对溶液中金属离子的吸收增加;第21天,表征抗逆性大小的非光化学淬灭系数NPQ出现极大值,吸收能量比例参数Y(Ⅱ)先下降再恢复,3种能量吸收、分配、耗散参数比例在10 g·L-1稳定于Y(Ⅱ):Y(NO):Y(NPQ)=65%∶20%∶15%。根据研究结果,建议在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘红花罗布麻的育苗过程中,应该分阶段抚育,幼苗期宜采用5~10 g·L-1矿化度的咸水灌溉,保持较高叶水势,可以防止叶绿素分解;采用10 g·L-1的咸水灌溉可使其幼苗保持稳定的、较高的光化学能量转化比例,能够较好地调控其对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲荒漠过渡带生境的适应性,有助于过渡带的恢复和建设。     

Boundary of Cretaceous and Paleogene continental deposits in Zeya-Bureya Basin,Amur(Heilongjiang)River region

It was conducted the comparison of palynological assemblages of the Middle Tsagayan,Upper Tsagayan subformations,Furao and Wuyun formations from Zeya-Bureya Basin of Amur (Heilongjiang) River region with assemblages obtained from the marine deposits of Northeast Russia,Sakhalin,Kuril,and Hokkaido Islands,dated by ammonites,foraminifers and other invertebrates. Based on detail correlation,the geological age of the terrestrial beds was defined. The guide fossils are recognized Marsypiletes cretacea,Tricolpites variexi- nus,Aquilapollenites conatus,A. stelkii,A. rombicus,Integricorpus bellum,Pseudointegricorpus clarireticula- tus,Triprojectus amoenus,Orbiculapollis lucidus,Wodehouseia aspera,Quercoidites minor,which had last oc- currence in the late Maastrichtian. The Danian palynofloras usually are dominated by Triatriopollenites plicoides and T. confusus. The species Anacolosidites subtrudens,Aquilapollenites proceros,A. spinulosus have last occurrence in the Danian. The K-T (K-Pg) boundary in the terrestrial deposits is defined in the base of the Upper Tsagayan Subformation and the base of the lower part of the Wuyun Formation. The latter is represented by aleuropelite to fine-grained sandstones. The change of taxonomical composition of palynospectra in similar environments could be determined by real change of flora at the Mesozoic and Cenozoic boundary,but not by changes of lithological facies or depositional environment,generally.     

全球离散格网:回顾与展望(英文)

全球离散格网是数字球体表达的基本数据模型,它提供了一种栅格化表达地球弯曲表面的方法,催生了数字地球。该文回顾全球离散格网与数字地球的发展史,评析了以谷歌地球为代表的第一代数字地球的技术实现。在为科学界及社会公众提供地表与近地表信息交流方面,数字地球的有效性面临挑战,第一代数字地球在很多方面存在不足,其中最显著的缺陷是不能基于社会与环境过程模型模拟地球的将来状态。展望未来,简要分析了下一代数字地球应具有的基本特征。     

Chemical composition of fahlores of the Kupol gold - silver deposit

The chemical study shows that the Kupol fahlores are complex compounds with significant variations in their composition and the proportions of their constituent elements. Based on their major-element composition, they are subdivided into 3 species and several inter- and intra-species varieties. This testifies that the fahlores were formed under different physicochemical conditions.