英国的自然保护

就英国自然保护区的八种主要类型：国家公园、国家风景区、自然遗产区、自然风景名胜区、遗产海岸、环境敏感区、特殊科学意义区、国家自然保护区;以及自然保护区的保护管理机构分别进行了概略介绍,以便有助于对英国自然保护区的了解。     

对流层大气温度"蝴蝶形"震前异常

利用美国国家和海洋大气管理局(NOAA)的大气温度数据, 分析陆地地震和海洋地震震前震中上空的大气温度变化, 研究其作为地震短临前兆的可能性.地震样本包括2014年2月12日于田M_s7.3地震、2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震、2011年3月11日日本M_s9.0地震、2014年4月1日智利M_s8.1海洋地震、2013年3月27日台湾南投县M_s6.1地震和2014年5月30日云南盈江M_s6.1地震.结果表明: (1)震前, 震中位置300~1 000 hPa大气温度有较为一致的变化趋势; (2)200 hPa与400 hPa处(根据不同地点可选择其他, 诸如350 hPa、300 hPa等高度数据)温度折线图在震前趋近或者相交, 出现类似蝴蝶翅膀的"蝴蝶形"特殊曲线形状; (3)200 hPa与400 hPa温度差等值线图在(震前数月、数周或数天不等)震中附近区域的数值减小, 温度差等值线图的塌陷最低点对应震中位置.以上规律有望应用于地震短临预测的时间与震中的确定.      

巨型中温热液金矿床的特征描述成因模式及勘查区的选择准则

中温热液金矿床赋存在由花岗岩侵位的碰撞造山带的各个时代的以火山岩为主和沉积岩为主的上壳岩带内。贫的和富的成矿带的主要区别是,富矿带容纳有异常大的矿床。这一模式是对区域内所属不同成矿带的矿区间进行成矿贫富性的详细对比而得出的。我们对该区域４７ 个巨型（＞ ６０ｔＡｕ）中温热液金矿床的地质特征和背景的研究表明,８０％ 的金矿床产在以火山岩为主的上壳岩带,而２０％ 的金矿床产在沉积岩为主的上壳岩带。几乎没有证据能够说明巨型矿床的产生是受矿物沉积规模所控制。例如：围岩岩性的复杂性控制着矿床构造的复杂性,而与矿床规模无关。从区域上讲,不管怎样,巨型金矿床特定的有利的岩石组合并可能与早期形成的金矿化体有显著关系。多数以火山岩为主的上壳岩带内的巨型金矿床出现在具有高镁火山岩（科马提岩）或侵入的岩带内,其中２０％ 与长英质火山岩共生;７５％ 含有前变质高铝热液蚀变矿物组合。一个巨型矿床和许多小型矿床与斑岩型Ｃｕ－Ａｕ 矿化关系密切。赋存在前寒武纪以沉积岩为主的上壳岩带内的巨型金矿床均以含铁建造为主,但在显生宙以沉积岩为主的上壳岩带内的矿床却不是这样。解释中温热液金矿床的共有特征,金矿床矿物学特有的事实说明与围岩环境有关。矿床的同位     

硅饱和熔体-橄榄岩反应与残留橄榄石的成分解耦

以下几个基本事实使橄榄石的相容元素地球化学研究在探讨地幔组成与地幔过程方面具有重要意义:(1)大于50%的上地幔是由橄榄石组成的,因此幔源岩浆一般被认为生成于与橄榄石平衡的环境;(2)橄榄石是玄武岩中的常见矿物,是玄武质岩浆中最早结晶的矿物,因此最有可能记录原始岩浆的相容元素地球化学特征;(3)橄榄石几乎不含不相容元素,但相容元素(Ni、Mn、Co、Ca、Al、Cr)含量较高,一般在100×10-6～5000×10-6之间,分析条件容易满足;(4)原始岩浆的不相容元素含量容易受到部分熔融程度的影响,而相容元素的含量主要受源区岩性(橄榄石、辉石的含量)的控制.     

Ice- and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.     

Questions of migration and belonging: understandings of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador

This paper explores alternative understandings and experiences of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador. Through the case study, the study examines migrants' multiple motivations for mobility and their ambivalence toward the process. Insights from the transnational migration literature were drawn in order to think through the implications of an increasingly contradictory context of economic modernization and its impact upon the sense of possibilities and belonging of migrants. In-depth interviews with urban-destined migrants in Ecuador were drawn to argue that mobility produces ambivalent development subjects. This argument is developed in three sections. First, the paper centers on the epistemological and theoretical basis for the relevance of migrant narratives in extending theorizations of migration. Second, in-depth interviews with migrants to Quito are drawn to explore migrants' sense of belonging and regional affiliation, identity formation through migration, and experiences of alienation and disruption in their lives. Lastly, this paper concludes with a retheorization of the role of migration places in the migrant identity construction.     

中国东部苏鲁榴辉岩超基性岩褶皱带的演化及其与大别(中国)和柯切塔夫(哈萨克斯坦)杂岩的对比(英文)

苏鲁褶皱带形成于元古宙 (2 2 33～ 185 5Ma)典型优地槽构造环境 ,主要由石榴橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩、榴辉岩等侵入岩 (柯石英深度相地幔岩浆房中形成 )和它们的火山沉积建造围岩一起经褶皱、变质而形成。变质作用经历了先蓝片岩相 (前花岗岩 )后片麻岩混合岩相过程。由于变质作用的不规律性 ,苏鲁褶皱带可分为 2个构造带 :(1)东部构造带 (蓝片岩 )和 (2 )西部构造带 (片麻岩混合岩 )。根据A·都城秋穗所识别的变质带系统 ,可将其作为一个双变质带。东部构造带以出现许多块状、条带状榴辉岩辉石岩橄榄岩组合的残余岩块为特征 ,其中还残留着高压的矿物 (石榴石、绿辉石、柯石英 ) ,而且有被混合岩和各种交代岩替代的显著标志。在中生代 ,苏鲁元古褶皱带受造山作用的影响活化 ,导致许多花岗岩体的侵入 ,使交代岩广泛发育。     

Sedimentological features and biostratigraphy of Jurassic/Cretaceous deposits in continental basins in Priamurie,Far East Russia

The paper describes the sedimentary features and biostratigraphy of the transitional Jurassic to Cretaceous deposits in the continental basins of Priamurie formed after the collision between the Siberian and North China blocks.In Upper Priamurie,the collision occurred in the late Early Jurassic as dated by the emplacement of the post-collisional granites (191 Ma).While in Lower Priamurie and West Priokhotie it could take place in the late Middle Jurassic on the basis of fossil evidence from an accretionary turbidite complex.This event reflected the environmental change from coastal-marine to alluvial plains,often boggy,where coals accumulated.The environmental change is in harmony with that of biota.Systematic study of floral and spores/pollen assemblages,particularly in the sections of interbedded marine and non-marine deposits,makes clear the chronostratigraphic succession of floral associations and shows the possibility of their application for subdivision and correlation of the continental deposits of Priamurie.The coastal-marine environment of the residual post-collisional sublatitudinal basins in the western part of Priamurie (Upper Amur and Dep basins) was replaced by the continental in the late Middle Jurassic and in the eastern part in the Berriasian-Valanginian (Torom Basin).Similar environmental change commenced in the submeridional rift basins:the Bureya Basin in the Callovian and the Partizansk Basin in the Hauterivian.Changes in ecosystems occurred frequently during the Middle Jurassic--Neocomian,but the most substantial changes took place in the late Middle Jurassic and in the end of Late Jurassic.