古里雅冰芯中生物有机酸的初步分析

甲酸、乙酸是全球对流层中普遍存在的化学成分,它们对偏远地区降水中的酸度有很大影响,降水中存在的甲酸、乙酸必然会在冰川和冰盖中保存下来．然而,目前很少有文章报道山地冰川中甲酸、乙酸的测定结果及环境意义．我们用离子色谱法测定了古里雅上部５ｍ冰芯中甲酸、乙酸的浓度,结果显示,甲酸、乙酸具有明显的季节变化,峰值一般对应于夏季层位,说明甲酸、乙酸的来源不同于阳离子,粉尘不是其主要来源．将甲酸、乙酸的记录与冰芯中δ１８Ｏ和阳离子的记录对比,得出甲酸具有较敏感的气候指示意义．     

Variations of δ~(18)O in Precipitation along Vapor Transport Paths

Three sampling cross sections along the south path starting from the Tropics through the vapor passage in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the middle-low reaches of the Yangtze River, the north path from West China, via North China, to Japan under the westerlies, and the plateau path from South Asia over the Himalayas to the northern Tibetan Plateau, are set up, based on the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)/WMO global survey network and sampling sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The variations, and the relationship with precipitation and temperature, of the δ18 O in precipitation along the three cross sections are analyzed and compared. Along the south path, the seasonal differences of mean δ18O in precipitation are small at the stations located in the Tropics, but increase markedly from Bangkok towards the north, with the δ18O in the rainy season smaller than in,the dry season. The δ18O values in precipitation fluctuate on the whole, which shows that there are different vapor sources. Along the n     

冰岩芯研究与全球变化

冰岩芯研究是古气候、古环境研究的有力手段,它将为“全球变化研究”提供多方面的气候、环境信息。在冰岩芯研究中,通过稳定同位素(δ¹⁸O或δD)、放射性¹⁰Be、微粒含量变化、冰结构变化、CO₂含量变化、CH₄含量变化、各种化学元素含量的变化等多种手段建立了两极地区倒数第二次冰期以来气候、环境及大气成分演化的大概轮廓。     

“第三极环境(TPE)”国际计划——应对区域未来环境生态重大挑战问题的国际计划①

以青藏高原为核心的世界第三极地区,是全球最独特的地质—地理—资源—生态耦合系统之一,对中国、北半球乃至全球环境变化具有重要的影响。同时,第三极地区对全球环境变化及周边人类活动的影响亦有敏感响应,同南极和北极一样受到科技界的高度重视。2009年,“第三极环境(Third Pole Environment,TPE)”国际计划正式启动。该计划以“水—冰—气—生—人类活动”之间的相互作用为主题,旨在解决第三极地区过去环境变化的时空特征、冰圈与水圈相互作用及其灾害过程、生态系统对环境变化的影响和响应、人类活动对该地区环境变化的影响及该地区环境变化的适应对策等科学问题,以揭示第三极地区环境变化过程与机制及其对全球环境变化的影响和响应规律,从而为提高这一地区人类对自然的适应能力和实现人与自然和谐相处服务。该计划自启动以来,以TPE科学委员会及TPE项目办公室为依托,,有效执行各种实施方案,已经在第三极冰川变化、季风与西风相互作用、台站建设、数据共享及人才培养等方面取得了很大的进展。今后,将进一步扩展研究领域和研究地区,与未来地球计划(Future Earth)相对接,为第三极地区生态环境改善和社会经济发展作出更大贡献。     

近2 000 a来古里雅冰芯记录及19～20世纪的气候变暖

利用古里雅冰芯近2 000 a来的温度代用资料, 用奇异谱分析方法对气候变化的趋势及人类活动造成的影响进行了分析, 指出近2 000 a来气候一直在变暖, 这是气候的自然变暖过程. 同时分析结果显示, 工业革命以来, 人类活动对气候的增暖十分明显. 正是因为气候的自然变暖和人类活动影响的叠加, 才使得20世纪成为过去2 000 a来最温暖的100 a.     

近百年来青藏高原冰川的进退变化

近百年来, 青藏高原的冰川虽然出现过两次退缩速率减缓或相对稳定甚至小的前进阶段, 但总的过程仍然呈明显的波动退缩趋势. 随着全球气候的波动变暖, 特别是进入20世纪80年代以来的快速增温, 使高原冰川末端在近几十年间出现了快速退缩. 以高原东部和南部边缘山地的冰川变化幅度最大, 而高原中北部山区和羌塘地区的冰川变化幅度较小, 相对比较稳定. 显示出青藏高原冰川对气候变化响应的敏感性在边缘山区较中腹地区更为敏感.     

不同时间尺度下降水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and Ⅱ, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group Ⅱ, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series Ⅱ is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series Ⅱ and temperature series Ⅱ. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

冰芯与其它记录所揭示的中国全新世大暖期变化特征

冰芯,孢粉,黄土,湖泊和海平面变化记录揭示出,在全新世时,我国曾发生过多次气候冷暖波动事件,其中最重在的事件是全新世大暖期,由于青藏高原在存在。造成了中亚地区大气环流的改变。形成了中国大陆复杂的气候条件和独特的季风气候,从而导致全国各地大暖期在起讫时间,变化幅度和持续时间上都存在着较大的差异。中国西部高海拔地区大暖期起讫时间较早,持续时间较短。变化幅度较大;反之,在中国东部,大暖期起讫时间较晚,持续时间较长。变化幅度较小,反映出西部高海拔区域对气候变化的响应度和敏感度都比东部低海拔区域强,此外,不同区域的冰芯记录也有差异。古里雅冰芯记录反映了全球气候变化的趋势,而敦德冰芯记录则与我国季风气候变化的趋势比较接近。     

Humidity Effect and Its Influence on the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation δ~(18)O in Monsoon Regions

The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and ATd are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation. Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud are simulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated     

西藏年楚河满拉水库上游冰川变化及其影响

西藏年楚河流域满拉水库上游的冰川融水对"一江两河"地区的农业和水利发电十分重要,而气温升高导致青藏高原冰川普遍退缩.利用1980年地形图、1990年Landsat TM、2000年LandsatETM+和2005年CBERS遥感影像估算了满拉水库上游冰川面积的变化,并评价了其可能影响.结果表明,1980-2005年无表碛物覆盖的冰川面积减少了7.34%(13.42km2).冰川退缩近期将对农业灌溉、水利发电产生积极影响.然而,由于大量的小冰川(2km2)将会在未来快速退缩和消失,导致水资源短缺.同时,冰川补给湖泊呈快速扩张趋势,冰湖溃决洪水发生的可能性将大大增加.