一个与转移作用有关的盆地的演化：Ardea盆地（意大利中部拉齐奥地区）

一个与转移作用有关的盆地的演化：Ａｒｄｅａ盆地（意大利中部拉齐奥地区）Ｃ．Ｆａｃｃｅｎｎａ等地层Ａｒｄｅａ盆地是拉齐奥边缘最深的盆地之一。充填了１６００ｍ中新－更新统沉积。这套沉积物覆盖在一套中新统以泥灰质－砂泥质为主的复理石异地构造层上，复理石上覆...     

Macrofauna impact on Ulva rigida C. Ag. production and relationship with environmental variables in the lagoon of Venice

The grazing pressure of the macrofaunal invertebrates associated with the biomass of Ulva rigida in the Venice lagoon, their species composition and relationship with environmental variables have been studied. Fifteen sampling campaigns were carried out during different seasons both in the central basin of the lagoon, dominated by macroalgae (especially U. rigida C. Ag.) and in the southern basin, prevalently populated by seagrasses (especially Zostera marina L.). Replicate experiments were conducted in the field by exposing Ulva fronds in net cages of 10 and 1 mm (control) mesh-sizes to allow or prevent grazer entrance. The grazing pressure was determined as Ulva growth rate difference in the cages. In the absence of invertebrate herbivores, Ulva exhibited per cent relative growth rates (%RGRs) ranging from 1.5 to 9.5% day(-1), whereas in their presence the %RGRs were significantly lower (from -2.5 to 3.4% day(-1)) and frequently negative, especially in the station dominated by macroalgae. In this area, peak grazing rates and macrofauna biomasses of up to 8.6% day(-1) and 1,480 g m(-2) fwt (84.4 ash-free dry weight), respectively, were found. On the whole, during in field experiments in the Ulva-dominated station, herbivores removed an amount of biomass whose percentage ranged from 59 to 165% (mean: 103%) of the biomass yield (grazers excluded) found in the cages. These results suggest the possibility that grazers could act as an important factor affecting Ulva production in the Venice lagoon. Macrofauna populations were analysed by means of multivaliate techniques applied to biological variables only and biological and environmental variables together. Data of individual abundance, after a log(x + 1) transformation and the calculation of the Bray-Curtis matrix, were classified using the Cluster Analysis and ordinated by means of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) technique, in accordance with the strategies used in the study of multispecies distributions. Finally, biological and environmental variables were analysed together by means of correlation matrices and the Principal Component Analysis.     

Effects of the 'Prestige' oil spill on macroalgal assemblages: large-scale comparison

An assessment of the effects of the 'Prestige' oil spill on intertidal, macroalgal assemblages was carried out comparing abundance data obtained before and after the spill. Four zones in the North and Northwest coast of Spain were sampled, one of them located at the immediate vicinity of the spill, the zone most heavily oiled. Macroalgal assemblages had similar structure between years. Neither critical decrease in abundance of the dominant macroalgae, nor increase in opportunistic species were found. Some differences in abundance were observed, but they did not show any pattern, being more likely the result of the natural variability of the assemblage. Extensive, but not intense fuel deposition on the shores and a limited use of aggressive cleanup methods are suggested as possible causes for the lack of the effects in these assemblages after the 'Prestige' oil spill.     

由地震目录自动重构断层网络:三维最优各向异性动态群聚

利用地震的空间位置分布,提出了一种可以重构断层网络活动部分的三维结构的模式识别新方法。该方法为所谓动态群聚(或称k均值)方法的推广,是利用震源位置关于它们的中心的全局方差最小化准则将数据点集划分为群集。这种新方法比原来的k均值方法更好,因为它为了把数据集划分为断层形状的各向异性群集而考虑了每个群集全空间位置的协方差张量。给定地震事件目录,就可以输出符合数据空间结构的最优集的平面段。每个平面段在它的位置、大小和取向上都有明显区别。主要的可调参数为地震定位精度,它固定了分辨率,即拟合的剩余方差。分辨率决定了描述地震目录所需要的断层段数目:分辨率越高,重构断层段的结构越精细。该算法成功地重构了合成地震目录的断层段。把该方法用于1992年6月28日发生在南加州兰德斯地震余震序列子集的真实地震目录,重构的断层面段与地质图上已知的断层或者长期目录中明显出现的盲断层完全吻合。讨论了该方法将来的进一步改进及其在断层带内结构的多尺度研究的潜在应用。     

大陆走滑地震断层参数的标定

通过应用简单的位移-深度函数,并假定“孕震区的基底并非发生了粘性张弛而产生,而是在介质(该介质在破裂处或邻近破裂处仍保持应力状态)中转变为稳定滑动的结果“,我们解决了弹性位错模型预报地震与平均同震滑动随着破裂长度的增加而增加的观测情况之间长期存在的矛盾。最终结果模型含有在地震尺度的整个波谱上地震具有自相似性的概念。     

Triton: stratospheric molecules and organic sediments

Hydrocarbons and nitriles are produced in Triton's stratosphere by energetic electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere and other charged particle sources. Laboratory plasma experiments reported here show a substantial yield of molecules from low pressure flows of 10(-3) CH4 in N2 appropriate to Triton if both CH4 and N2 are saturated at the surface. An active magnetosphere similar to that of Uranus would result in a flux approximately 0.3 erg cm-2 s-1 of 0.1-1 MeV electrons in Triton's stratosphere; molecular production rates are then 10(6)-10(8) cm-2 s-1 for NH3, C2H2, HCN, and NCCN; tens of hundreds of gm cm-2 of these compounds per 10(9) yr (and lesser quantities of at least eight other molecules experimentally detected) would freeze to fine-grained white condensates in the lower stratosphere and sediment to the surface. Along with dark/colored organic haze produced in the stratosphere and other heteropolymers produced at the surface, these condensates are subjects to redistribution by aeolian processes and may appear as lag deposits and/or sediment layers. A simple eddy diffusion model indicates abundances approximately 10(19) molec cm-2 for HCN and C2H2, and > 10(17) molec cm-2 for NCCN, CH3CCH, CH2CCH2, and CH3CN in the stratosphere; these and other organic molecules will be detectable by IRIS if the stratosphere is (as expected) heated through ultraviolet and visible light absorption by the haze.     

大气重力波产生大尺度赤道扩展F的理论

本文提出了大气重力波触发Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性并导致大尺度赤道扩展Ｆ的理论．重力波作为外部扰动派触发等离子体扰动,这种扰动在Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性的作用下继续增长,经过４００ｓ扰动幅度就能增长到５０％,经过７００ｓ后幅度趋近１００％,即为完全的等离子体泡．由于Ｅ区的影响,赤道扩展Ｆ主要出现于晚上．本文的理论阐明了重力波与Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性相互作用的性质,揭示了大尺度赤道扩展Ｆ的产生机制．     

关于“早些相对于晚些”发布地震预报的讨论

文章介绍了日本地震学会1982年秋季大会简况,会上共宣读241篇论文,包括八个方面;本文重点介绍了有关地震活动与地震预报研究两方面的内容。     

流体孔隙压和断层面的摩擦生热

本文认真分析了地震破裂期间热迁移和流体流动对断层面热、水文学和力学响应的影响。采用数学模拟方法解释热、流体压力和应力场的耦合。结果表明,在地震期间,破裂面受热而达到孔隙流体热膨胀所需要的温度,热膨胀可抵消因流体流动产生的流体损失率和因孔隙膨胀产生的流体容积变化。这种条件一旦确立,孔隙流体增压和剪切强度迅速降低到足以将孔隙流体的热增压维持在岩石静压力值附近。如果初始流体压力是静水压力,那么破裂面上达到的最终温度将随深度而增加,这是因为达到接近岩石静压力值以前能够发生比较大的温度上升。热增压的速率主要取决于周围多孔介质的水力学特点、断层面的摩擦系数和滑动速度。如果渗透率超过10(-15)米~2,或多孔介质的压缩率超过10(-8)/帕,那么热增压起重大作用以前断层面上可能会发生摩擦熔融。如果摩擦系数低于10(-1);并且滑动速度低于10(-2)米/秒,那么在地震期间断层面上的热增压或摩擦熔融是否能引起断层动力剪切强度的降低尚不能确定。