关于气候极值的再现期

一、再现期的定义关于气候极值的再现期问题,当把它作为统计理论处理时,实质上是研究右侧(或左侧)概率的问题。设 X 为连续型概率变量,对于任意的实数 x,X 的取值小于 x 的事件 E={X|_(X相似文献   

现代沉积物中硫、碳含量及其与沉积环境的关系

为了确定全硫,全碳有机碳与沉积环境的关系,分析了267个现代沉积物样品中的这些元素,这些样品取自不同的沉积环境中,即:日本群岛附近的九个湖泊和六个海域。在还原条件下淡水沉积物中的全硫平均含量低于半咸水和海水沉积物中的全硫量。然而,在氧化的海湾沉积物与给养丰富的淡水湖泊沉积物之间,全硫含量不存在明显的差异。有机碳的含量,在湖泊沉积物中比在海相沉积物中高;而碳酸盐碳,在海相沉积物中却比湖泊沉积物中更为丰富。至于硫的化学状态,除深海沉积物(没有测定硫化物硫)外,50％以上的全硫以硫化物状态存在。在多数情况下,在较强氧化条件下形成的沉积物中,全硫和有机碳含量之间表现为一种密切的正相关关系。在现代沉积物中全硫、有机碳和硫酸盐硫似乎比古老沉积岩中更丰富,虽然全硫含量对确定沉积岩的堆积环境是很有用的,但是非碳酸盐碳与全硫的浓度比值为区分海相成因沉积岩与非海相沉积物提供了更好的标志。     

巴基斯坦卡拉奇─海得拉巴区域地震危险性预测

本文讨论了巴基斯坦的地震构造，潜在震源和历史与现代地震活动性，并在此基础上使用确定性和概率性两种方法计算了各发震断层５０年内最大可能的地震在卡拉奇和海得拉巴两城市将引起的地面峰值加速度以及５０年内超越概率为１４％的等加速度区划图。     

PRESENT STATUS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HEAVY METAL POLLUTANT ADSORPTION－DESORPTION BY SEDIMENT IN CHINA

ＰＲＥＳＥＮＴＳＴＡＴＵＳＯＦＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＨＥＡＶＹＭＥＴＡＬＰＯＬＬＵＴＡＮＴＡＤＳＯＲＰＴＩＯＮ－ＤＥＳＯＲＰＴＩＯＮＢＹＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＩＮＣＨＩＮＡＨＵＡＮＧＳｕｉｌｉａｎｇａｎｄＷＡＮＺｈａｏｈｕｉ（Ｐｏｓｔｄｏｃ...     

“77.8”乌审旗特大暴雨的个例研究

1977年8月初,在陕西和内蒙古交界的毛乌素沙漠地区下了一场特大暴雨。经过多次调查核对,发现暴雨区的雨量在8—10小时内约为1000—1400毫米,实为罕见。本文论述大尺度环流的调整,及中低纬天气系统,中尺度天气系统和雨团对暴雨的贡献。认为在西太平洋副高西部边沿形成的暖切变线(以700毫巴上的为典型)及与其对应的地面次天气尺度的低压,对暴雨的贡献为最大。水汽主要来源于我国南海和东海海面。     

我国的古气候研究

古气候学这一多学科综合性研究领域,近十余年来获得了长足进展,这是因为许多原因使得古气候研究日益受到重视,一些新技术、新方法的应用,也促进了这一发展。古气候研究的主要内容是:调查古气候变化的证据,还原或重建古气候,给出气候要素序列和气候变化模型;探讨气候变化机制和原因。我国的研究偏重在前面两项。古气候包括史前气候(又称地质时期气候)和历史气候两部份,二者的时间界限并无定论。我国大致以仰韶文化期(公元前3,000年)作为历史气候的开端。一、回顾我国的古气候研究可追溯到本世纪二十年代,     

船舶气象导航简介

一、概述 气象导航是根据船舶航行过程中的水文气象状况和船舶本身的性能及风、浪、涌、流等规律,引导船舶尽可能避开恶劣天气,来确定船舶最佳航线,使船舶运输的各项经济指标达最佳效果。气象导航又分为岸上导航和船舶自我导航两种。岸上导航通过先进的大容量计算机和全球通讯网络,对气象、海洋、船舶等资料进行综合分析,把最佳航线提供给船舶。自我导航是船长根据水文气象传真图和现场观测资料综合判断分析,来确定最佳航线。气象导航方法以船岸结合的效果最显著,目前已在世界上广泛应用。     

JWS-1型数字井温仪

地质矿产部物化探研究所地质仪器研究室井温仪组研制的JWS-1型数字井温仪,已在福建经鉴定通过,批准投产.JWS-1型数字井温仪精度高、灵敏度     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.