MODELING STUDY ON SEDIMENTATION CONFIGURATION IN FRONT OF THE DAM AND IN THE PRESSURE CONDUIT OF BOTTOM OUTLETS BY FLUME EXPERIMENT

I.INTRODUCTIONReseri,oirsonoverloadedriverswillreachthestateofrelativeequilibriumwithcontinuousdevelopmentofsedimentation.Insuchcase,thereisdePOsitinfrontofthedam.Thereforethesiltpressureonthedambodyisconsiderablylarge.Sedimentationelevationinfrontofthedamisoneofthefactorsofcalculatingthesiltpressure.Inaddition,tokeeplong-termworkingstorageinreservoif,itisnecessarytoinstallbottomoutlets.Asthereisapressureconduitinfrontoftheoperatinggateofthebottomoutlet,thesedimelltenteredtheconduitwill…     

马沙布如姆峰南坡及上胡沙河谷的地质(喀啦昆仑—中亚西亚)

1　前　　言已工作的地区和目的:胡沙河谷位于马沙布如姆山峰(7921m)S-SE方向约45km。从沙约克河谷(印度盆地)汇合处约7km联结萨特如河谷。萨特如河在与胡沙河交汇之前曾急遽转弯,所以,最后的一条支流看起来是胡沙河谷的直接延续物。胡沙河的全部水系盆地位于北纬35°15′—35°40′和东经76°10′—76°35′之间。本次工作的主要目的是:收集胡沙与马沙布如姆河谷地质和岩石的新资料。事实上,在L.巴尔布秀领导下,阿布鲁齐地质工作者的探险是企图征服K6山口,由D.亚历山大采集了55块标本,那些标本后来由米兰大学的E.G.曼辛尼进行过研究1。…     

西藏的活动构造

根据西藏卫片解译 ,最新构造似乎是近南北走向的正断层。西藏高原中部的 1 4个地震断裂面扩散表明 ,主要为正断裂作用。这些解释不都完全受到限制 ,但最可信的一个解释是 :T轴指向近东西的时候 ,仅在标高较低的高原的边缘处 ,按断裂面的扩散才表现出活动的逆断裂作用。这些观测意谓着现代西藏的大部份皆呈东西向扩展。这种格局与印度和欧亚大陆的碰撞以及特别脆弱的西藏地壳和上地幔的形变有关。印度向欧亚大陆施加压力以维持西藏位居一个均一的高度上 ,而被此抬升作用所导致的静压力前锋向北传递其压力。因此西藏是亚洲的压力计量表。同时 ,微呈东西向扭张的 (流动 )西藏的下部壳层和上地幔 ,将拉张其表层。现在西藏与印度的相对位置 ,类似被一个刚性块体 (印度 )嵌入塑性物质中的死三角的相对位置。     

丘陵草坡土壤10Be分布特征及土壤生成速率

以位于广东省境内的中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合试验站草坡集水区土壤剖面为对象, 对土壤样品进行了大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 对基岩以及风化岩石样品进行了就地(in-situ)宇宙成因¹⁰Be测定. 基于土壤层大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 参考土壤层底界¹⁴C表观年龄, 估算出草坡地区3800年以来大约有34%的成土物质被侵蚀掉; 基于风化岩石间隙土大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 估算得到基岩之上90 cm厚的风化岩石层至少经历了1.36 Ma, 平均侵蚀速率约为1.26×10^-4 cm/a. 表面风化岩石和基岩就地成因¹⁰Be浓度分别为10.7×10⁴ atoms/g和 8.31×10⁴ atoms/g, 据此估算得到: 土壤生成速率为8.8×10^-4 cm/a; 表层风化岩石以及基岩宇宙射线暴露时间分别约为7.2×10⁴和2.3×10⁵a. 土壤生成速率大于侵蚀速率, 自然地貌状况稳定.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

中国的重复性地震事件

从1985年到2000年间，中国及其邻近地区大约10％的地震事件属于重复性地震事件，并且彼此间不超过1km。我们对约14000个地震和爆炸的地震图做互相关，计算了相对到时约0．01 s，并使横向定位精度达到了100m～300m。这样的精度对于地震危险性研究、地震物理、禁止核试验的核查都非常重要。通过对已有的资料重复性信号的识别和测量，提高了定位精度，改进了在读取初至到时和定位方面目前程序的不精确性。     

地震火山相互作用

新近的测量、统计分析和模型都支持大地震可以在出人意料的大距离和时间尺度上触发后续火山喷发的猜想。     

河流和水井对地震的反应

地震引起的地壳形变和地面振动可通过地表沉积层的固结、固体岩石的破裂、含水层的变形以及裂隙填充物的清除改变河流和井水位。虽然局部条件会影响反应的类型和幅度，但报道水文对地震反应的观测报告说明，出现河流和井水位变化的最大距离与地震震级有关。地震引起的河流变化可在距震中几十到数百千米的区域内观察到，而井水位的变化可在距震中几百至几千千米的区域内出现。     

Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation （Oct. 18-12, 2004, Yichang, China）

The Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation (9^th ISRS) has been successfully held on Oct. 18 to 21, 2004 at the site of the partially completed Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River near Yichang of Hubei Province, China. The Symposium is organized by the Ministry of Water Resources,     

INAUGURATION OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH （WASER）

The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research, the name of which has been abbreviated to WASER, was inaugurated on 19 Oct. 2004 during the 9^th International Symposium on River Sedimentation in Yichang, China. Dr. Des Walling, the President of the new Association,