乡村聚落空间优化研究（英文）

Optimizing rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline, and improve the quality of rural life and attractions. This study introduces the "life quality theory". Based on the mechanisms governing the interactions between rural settlement space and life quality, this study examines how to optimize the spatial organization of rural settlements. Three aspects are evaluated – the integration of rural settlement spatial functions, optimization of spatial structure, and regulation of spatial scale – with the objective of building an optimization mode and framework for the spatial organization of rural settlements with high life quality. Our results suggest the following:(1) The settlement is the spatial carrier of life quality, which is an essential settlement component, and these two aspects influence and improve each other. Therefore, reasonable rural settlement space is an important precondition for higher life quality.(2) The spatial function types of rural settlements can be divided into those that maintain livelihoods, develop industry, and upgrade life quality. Optimizing spatial organization of rural settlements based on life quality requires promoting the maintenance of livelihood, integration of industrial development, and implantation in quality improvement.(3) There are two important components of optimizing the spatial organization of rural settlements. One is promoting the organic concentration of living, agricultural, and industrial spaces, the reasonable distribution of social intercourse, recreational, and services spaces, and the organic balance of living, production, and ecological spaces, so as to reasonably optimize the combination of internal spatial types in settlements. The other is forming a functional structure level of a "comprehensive village–featured village" and building spatial organization settlement modes connected by rural roads by relocating and adjusting the function of villages. These changes would require the destruction of underdeveloped villages, retaining normal villages, enlarging important villages, and constructing new villages.(4) As an ideal mode for optimizing rural settlements space based on life quality, the Rural Road-Oriented Development Model(RROD model) should be built at a rational scale for unit settlement and distance between settlements, leading to a fully functional RROD system with rational structure, auxiliary facility, and well-organized distribution.     

高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化

以1990年和2000年及2007年landsat5 TM影像解译出的景观格局图为主要数据源,应用FRAGSTATS软件对景观斑块数、斑块面积百分比、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度等7个景观格局指数及景观类型转移矩阵定量,分析近20年来若尔盖保护区景观格局动态变化及其驱动因子.结果表明:17年来,若尔盖国家级自然保护区的斑块数、斑块面积百分比、聚合度、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度都发生了较大变化,景观尺度下退化沼泽为景观基底占优势的景观类型,2007年占全区总面积比例48.05%,该区在人类活动影响下,景观破碎度和异质性先降低后期增加,优势度增加后降低.1990～2000年,湖沼和河流水面积减少,沙地治理,退化沼泽、草甸和灌木面积分别增加了1 978.60 hm2、2 559.09 hm2和824.27 hm2,2000～2007年,湖沼水面积仍在退缩,退化沼泽、草甸类的草场面积持续增加,沙地显著增加1 945.90 hm2.气候变暖叠加人为排水疏干、过度放牧、无序旅游、管理局的保护管理及基础建设等是保护区湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.     

西部地区富油煤开发利用潜力分析和技术体系构想

【目的】富油煤是集煤、油气属性为一体的宝贵煤炭资源,催化热解是实现其绿色低碳开发的重要途径。然而,高效可回收催化剂的研发仍面临着极大的挑战。【方法】以HZSM-5@SiO₂@MgFe₂O₄ (HSMF)为原料,采用水热法与碱改性制备具有多级孔结构的HZSM-5@SiO₂@MgFe₂O₄ (mHSMF),再通过沉淀法制备铈改性mHSMF (5-CeO₂/mHSMF);并利用固定床反应器考察了5-CeO₂/mHSMF对神府富油煤热解产物的调控作用及其抗积炭性能。【结果和结论】结果表明,CeO₂改性有助于在HSMF表面形成微−介孔多级孔道结构;在5-CeO₂/mHSMF催化剂上,650 ℃、N₂气氛、反应1 h的条件下,神府富油煤焦油产率达到13.38%,是格金试验焦油产率的176%;相较于原煤热解,催化热解得到的焦油中脂肪烃类及苯类化合物含量分别增加了3.04%和3.07%,煤气中H₂和CH₄含量提高了10.49%;经CeO₂改性后,催化剂的抗积炭性能增幅达86.1%,积炭量仅为11.60 mg/g,且积炭趋于稳定的石墨化结构。5-CeO₂/mHSMF对神府富油煤催化热解产物的分布及组成具有明显调控作用,并表现出良好的抗积炭效果和磁性可回收性能。

     

长江经济带开发区空间分布与产业集聚特征研究

采用最近邻指数、Ripley’s L函数、核密度估计等方法分析长江经济带开发区的空间分布与产业集聚特征,结果表明:①长江经济带开发区总体上呈东密西疏、东强西弱、东中西段分异的显著集聚分布特征;②基于主导产业划分的各类开发区在空间上均为集聚分布,集聚强度和规模随距离的增加基本都呈"先增加后减小"的规律,集聚形态各异,主要有"单核心""双核心""多核心"3种;③长江经济带东段地区主要以装备制造、通信电子、汽车制造、新材料、生物医药等资本技术密集型产业集聚为主,中、西段地区则集聚了化学工业、金属加工、食品制造、纺织服装等资本与劳动密集型产业。要加强经济带上中下游开发区之间的多维良性互动,注重绿色发展、创新发展与结构优化,进一步提升其对长江经济带高质量发展的引领与支撑作用。     

沙冬青对土壤水分变化的生理响应

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim))是生长在沙漠地区及干旱荒漠区的常绿灌木,在干旱环境条件下形成了独特的生物学特性与生理生态适应性。研究结果表明,灌水前后沙冬青的光合作用和蒸腾作用变化很大。在土壤干旱时,其光合速率变化的日平均值仅为2.14μmol·m^-2·s^-1,其最大值仅为3.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1;此时叶片蒸腾速率变化的日平均值为7.03mmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为10.5mmol·m^-2·s^-1。而在土壤水分充足时,其光合强度和蒸腾强度明显提高,叶片光合速率的日平均值为5.97μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为8.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1,均为干旱时的2倍以上;此时叶片蒸腾速率的日平均值为23.5mmol·m^-2·s^-1,最高值达30.1mmol·m^-2·s^-1,均为干旱时的3倍左右。分析沙冬青叶片气孔的调节作用与叶片的光合作用和蒸腾作用的关系可知,其气孔活动与蒸腾作用保持较为密切的相关关系,而其光合作用虽然也受气孔活动的影响,更主要是与其自身的生理生化特性有关。     

塔克拉玛干荒漠-绿洲过渡带尘卷风活动特征——以肖塘为例

利用1992—2011年塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带肖塘气象站的观测资料,分析了该地区尘卷风的年、月变化规律及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:(1) 1992—2011年尘卷风发生日数总体呈波动递减趋势;尘卷风主要发生在3—9月,占全年总日数的90.9%,其中4—7月占全年总日数的70%左右。(2)尘卷风月发生日数随月平均地表与1.5 m高处温差的增大而线性增加(r=0.875,P<0.01)。(3)尘卷风月发生日数随着月平均风速的增大而幂函数增加(r=0.89,P<0.01)。(4)尘卷风月发生日数随月平均相对湿度的增大而线性减少(r=-0.869,P<0.01)。     

河套地区大雨以上降水日数的气候变化特征分析

利用长时序（1961—2012年）的辽宁省夏季逐小时降水观测资料、2008—2013年CMORPH（中国自动站与NOAA气候预报中心morphing技术融合的逐时降水量0.1°网格数据）夏季逐小时降水资料、2000—2012年NCEP再分析资料以及高分辨率中小尺度数值模式WRFV3.3.1,对辽宁暴雨日变化规律进行了统计,并对其形成机理进行了分析和数值试验,结果表明：(1)辽宁省内陆地区基本为午后降水（暴雨）峰值,沿海地区基本为午前降水（暴雨）峰值,内陆平原站点凌晨到午前有次峰现象发生。(2)辽宁降水日变化特征与地理环境关系密切,内陆地区午后降水峰值、沿海地区午前降水峰值的主要原因是大兴安岭—内蒙古高原山区、东北平原、海洋三大地形热力性质的不同而诱发的局地环流日变化。内陆地区午后—夜间降水峰值由山地—平原局地环流上升支诱发,沿海地区凌晨—午前降水峰值现象由海—陆局地环流上升支诱发。(3)对内陆站点做去除大地形试验的数值模拟试验表明,去除大地形对于日累积降水量无明显影响,但对内陆站点的降水日变化有影响,去掉地形后,内陆站点降水峰值发生时间基本均明显提前至正午前后且峰值雨量均明显减小;沿海站点做海洋改陆地数值模拟试验结果表明,海洋改陆地试验对于日累积降水量也无明显影响,但对沿海站点降水日变化有影响,海洋改为陆地后,沿海站点降水峰值由午前变为午后至夜间。数值试验结果进一步说明山地、海洋大地形是诱发辽宁降水日变化规律形成的主要原因。

     

帕米尔及邻区地壳上地幔P波三维速度结构的研究

研究了帕米尔及邻区(65°E-80°E,30°N-45°N,深度0-2km)的P波三维速度结构. 所使用的59054条初至P波到时数据取自ISC的73个台站对5402个地震的记录报告,这些地震和台站都在研究区内. 以水平面上1°×1°和不等的深度间隔(随深度在20-90km之间变化)划分网格并设置初始三维速度模型,用近似弯曲快速射线追踪方法计算走时和射线路径,用LSQR方法进行反演. 反演结果的分辨率用检验板方法进行了讨论,并引入了定量描述还原程度质量的两个参数. 初步结果表明:(1)天山山脉的km深度处,在东部和西部各有一个明显高速区,而在74°E、41°N附近的低速区可能与天山地表大断层在该处被大幅错开相关. 在75°E附近的天山山脉下,波速在40-60km深度偏高,而在60-90km深度(或更深)又偏低,反映了天山下方构造和物性的复杂性. (2)在由帕米尔构造"结"南侧往北直至天山以北的速度纵剖面上,显示了印度-欧亚板块在帕米尔构造"结"地区的强烈碰撞挤压作用:在抬高地面形成高原的同时,也把浅部速度较低的地壳岩石层介质俯冲拖曳到了深部.     

“一带一路”沿线区域耕地格局变化（英文）

The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)–a development strategy proposed by China – provides unprecedented opportunities for multi-dimensional communication and cooperation across Asia,Africa and Europe.In this study,we analyse the spatio-temporal changes in cultivated land in the BRI countries(64 in total) to better understand the land use status of China along with its periphery for targeting specific collaboration.We apply FAO statistics and Globe Land30(the world's finest land cover data at a 30-m resolution),and develop three indicator groups(namely quantity,conversion,and utilization degree) for the analysis.The results show that cultivated land area in the BRI region increased 3.73×10~4 km~2 between 2000 and 2010.The increased cultivated land was mainly found in Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia,while the decreased cultivated land was mostly concentrated in China.Russia ranks first with an increase of 1.59×10~4 km~2 cultivated land area,followed by Hungary(0.66×10~4 km~2) and India(0.57×10~4 km`2).China decreased 1.95×10~4 km~2 cultivated land area,followed by Bangladesh(–0.22×10~4 km~2) and Thailand(–0.22×10~4 km~2).Cultivated land was mainly transferred to/from forest,grassland,artificial surfaces and bare land,and transfer types in different regions have different characteristics:while large amount of cultivated land in China was converted to artificial surfaces,considerable forest was converted to cultivated land in Southeast Asia.The increase of multi-cropping index dominated the region except the Central and Eastern Europe,while the increase of fragmentation index was prevailing in the region except for a few South Asian countries.Our results indicate that the negative consequence of cultivated land loss in China might be underestimated by the domestic-focused studies,as none of its close neighbours experienced such obvious cultivated land losses.Nevertheless,the increased cultivated land area in Southeast Asia and the extensive cultivated land use in Ukraine and Russia imply that the regional food production would be greatly improved if China' "Go Out policy" would help those countries to intensify their cultivated land use.     

用接收函数方法研究中国及邻区上地幔间断面的埋藏深度

使用中国及邻区的18个数字化地震台的宽频带三分向远震记录图,筛选计算得到了263条径向接收函数,并拾取了在41Okm和660km间断面上的透射转换震相P4S、P660S与P波的到时差.通过调整各台站之下的速度模型中这两个间断面的深度,使理论接收函数的P4S、P660S与P波的到时差与观测值相符,最终确定这两个间断面的实际埋藏深度.结果表明,各台站之下4km间断面的平均深度为403km,具有明显的横向不均匀性和区域性,其中北京台、西安台、兰州台和恩施台等的埋藏深度较浅,琼中台、CHTO等台较深.660km间断面的平均埋藏深度为663km,也存在明显的横向不均匀性,其中牡丹江台和MAJO台的较深,琼中台和HYB台的较浅.