为什么1999年台湾集集地震的同震滑移在破裂平面上表现为向西北方向增大？

1999年集集地震使台湾中西部褶皱逆冲带内的车笼铺逆序逆断层（简称CTF断层）发生了破裂。该破裂的一个重要特征为：计算出的滑移量自车笼铺断层的底部至近地表，沿板块自南东向北西会聚方向，呈现由小到大接近线性增加的趋势。根据长周期和地震周期两个不同时间尺度上应力和位移的研究结果，对同震滑移分布规律的成因给出了一个新的解释模式。在最近的0．5百万年内，造山带前缘的聚合速率被前锋带3条主要的逆断层——彰化断层（简称Ch．F断层）、车笼铺断层和双塘断层（简称Sh．F断层）——来调节。根据先前已发表的平衡地质剖面研究成果，我们估算了彰化断层和车笼铺断层分布调节5％～30％、30％～50％造山带前缘长周期的滑移量。上述长期聚合速率的差异以及震间和震后位移模拟结果表明，车笼铺断层与震间应力载荷方向斜交和彰化断层、车笼铺断层深部递增的无震蠕变，这两个因素共同影响着同震滑移独特的线性分布特征。许多早期对滑移量分布特征及其成因的解释主要考虑到了物质属性、软弱层的滑动作用、场地效应、断层几何学以及地震波动力学等因素的影响。至于各因素对滑移量分布特征的影响程度仍不太清楚。考虑到车笼铺断层倾角的影响，采用了应力集中区的动力学模型来解释同震滑移的总体分布特征。值得一提的是，最近的研究表明集集地震前应力在空间上的不均匀分布可能对同震滑移的分布起到重要的作用。地震活动性分析结果表明，历史大地震不能够解释应力分布的不均。根据我们的研究方法，认为Oglesby和Day（2001）提出的车笼铺断层北面存在一高应力集中区，反映了因车笼铺断层斜交引起的震间耦合在纬向上的变化规律。     

穿过俄勒冈州图拉丁山脉的重力研究：波特兰都市区地壳结构的解释和地震危险性

穿过波特兰市区西部图拉丁山脉（波特兰山）的高分辨率重力测量，展现出以前根据地表地质学和航磁测绘识别出的断层的证据。本次重力测量是在1996年沿着长4．5km的双孔隧道进行的，该隧道在当时的建设中及现在一直在波特兰市区与波特兰山以西的居民区之间通轻便火车。在隧道内的重力从西到东逐渐增加，这种情况反映了隧道位于西边的图拉丁盆地低密度沉积物与其东边高密度大部分隐蔽的始新世玄武岩之间。叠加在这一梯度之上的是几个阶梯状异常，我们将其解释为密度明显差异的岩石之间断续接触的证据。这些异常的最大值发生在西尔万克里克之下，这里存在一条以前测绘出的断层。另一异常发生在距西洞口1200m处，大约是隧道与航磁异常相交汇的部位，航磁异常与西尔万断层（原来称为奥特菲尔德断层）有关。以这些重力资料为依据的岩石学横剖面显示出阶梯状异常与陡倾逆断层相一致，虽然走滑位移也许同样重要。与上方地形洼地相对应的3个重力低异常可能反映存在着剪切带。几个中等地震（M≥3．5）1991年发生在隧道当前的位置，说明这些断层中的几条或波特兰山断层带的其他断层是地震活动断层。     

认识自然灾害

火山学始于普林尼（Pliny）这位年轻人对公元前79年意大利维苏威火山毁灭性喷发的观察。1980年5月圣海伦斯火山的喷发及其结果则是第一次使用了各种不同的现代仪器进行系统观测和监测的火山喷发，从而促进了新监测仪器的开发。由此取得的经验在10年之后应对更大的菲律宾皮纳图博火山喷发中得到了应用。飓风学也以同样的方式从早期的观测结果中获得了进步。     

2004年12月26日苏门答腊—安达曼地震激发的地球自由振荡

根据300~500S的面波估计得到的哈佛大学矩心矩张量断层机制,当周期大于1000S时,地球的地震自由振荡的振幅将异常地大。我们对一个比较陡的断层应用根据地震的体波和面波得到的更真实的破裂模型,估计了自由振荡的振幅近似等于地震矩(6.5×1022N.M),这相当于矩震级为9.15。由于破裂的持续时间达600S,故断层破裂模型足以描述地震的观测结果,但却低估了大地测量位移,这些位移表明在尼科巴群岛和安达曼群岛下面发生了缓慢的断层运动。     

震源机制对概率地震危险性分析的影响

提出了在概率地震危险性分析的扩展中引入有关震源参数的先验信息。特别是将破裂形式与理论修正系数一起考虑应用于衰减定律。通过与实测资料、修正或未修正的衰减定律以及包括破裂方式参数的衰减定律结果的比较，评定了这一修正的有效性。地震危险性分析的概率特性得到保存，将描述与每个震源区有关的最可能的震源机制二维概率密度函数引入经典的危险性分析公式。这一新的表述方法也可用于离散分析的框架中。因此，根据离散分析设计的地震就以震源机制为特征。本文给出了在意大利亚平宁半岛南部运用的实例。与这一地区正断层作用的地震活动相比较，分析结果强调了在地震危险性分析中走滑事件的重要意义。     

On the applicability of KirchofPs law and the principle of heat balance in thermal infrared remote sensing:A non-isothermal system

This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff's law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff's law published in literature.     

A precise monitoring of snow surface height in the region of Lambert Glacier basin-Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica

The net surface snow accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet is determined by a combination of precipitation, sublimation and wind redistribution. We present a one-year record of hourly snow-height measurements at LGB69 (70°50'S, 77°04'E, 1850 m a.s.l.). east side of Lambert Glacier basin (LGB), and 4 year record at G3 (70°53'S, 69°52'E, 84 m a.s.l.), Amery Ice Shelf (AIS). The measurements were made with ultrasonic sensors mounted on automatic weather stations installed at two sites. The snow accumulation at LGB69 is approximately 70 cm. Throughout the winter, between April and September, there was little change in surface snow height (SSH) at the two sites. The negative SSH change is due to densification at LGB69, and is due to both ablation and densification at G3. The strongest accumulation at two sites occurred during the period between October and March (accounting for 101.6% at LGB69), with four episodic increasing events occurring during 2002 for LGB69, and eight events during 1999-2002 for G     

On the sand surface stability in the southern part of Gurbantnggt Desert

Longitudinal dunes,also known as linear dunes,are the most widespread of all dune types,which occupy1/2to2/3of the total area in the world sand seas.They mainly occur in the southern part of Africa,Arabian Peninsular,Australia,Central Asia and North Af-rica-Middle East regions[1],in China they mainly ap-pear in the Gurbantnggt Desert.Many researches have been done on wind dynamics of the sand dune and its relations with environmental conditions[2—9],but comprehensive studies on sand …     

Multifield coupling model and its applications for pile foundation in permafrost

In the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway,to avoid diseases caused by frost heave and thaw col-lapse of frozen ground,besides the normal bridges over the rivers,a lot of dry bridge structures have been built to replace subgrade in the regions of high tem-perature and high ice content frozen soil.So,the problems on forming mechanism of bearing capacity of pile foundation in cold regions already become one of hot spot problems in frozen soil engineering.Freezing force and frost heave force ar…     

The eastward subtropical countercurrent on isopycnal surface in the western North Pacific

The classic Sverdrup theory suggests that the water movement in the central subtropical gyre of North Pa-cific be slowly westward or southwestward.In the late sixties of the20th century,the existence of a peculiar eastward narrow flow between20°N and25°N in spring was theoretically predicted.It was named the Subtropical Countercurrent(STCC),although direct observational evidences were not yet sufficient to con-firm whether or not such eastward flow between20°N and25°N was a persistent…