5—10月全球热带和副热带200hPa多年平均环流的研究(二)——行星风系

北半球夏半年逐月200 hPa主要风系的分析表明: (1)北半球夏季副热带急流的两个中心分别位于亚洲和北美上空.纬度在45°N附近.另外在中东太平洋和中东大西洋热带地区存在高空西风.盛夏前者成为明显的独立风系. (2)北半球夏季高空东风急流具有三个中心,分别位于也门.印度半岛南部和马来西亚上空.前两个中心的变化明显地与南亚季风活动有关,最后一个中心则稳定少变. (3)南半球冬季最强的西风带位于大洋洲上空,最大值在大洋洲东岸. (4)200 hPa全球有四个跨赤道的质量交换区.其中沿100°E和印度洋的质量交换最强,它们与亚洲季风活动密切有关.     

非绝热二维滞弹性流体的动力稳定性

采用滞弹性近似下的二维滞流体动力学方程组，讨论了中尺度对称扰动的动力稳定性，得到其绝热情况下对称不稳定的判据条件。研究结果表明，相对于浅对流的情况而言，深对流情况下对称不稳定的条件更为苛刻一些。在考虑非绝热加热时，扰动增长率随其波长的变化会产生间断现象，中低层加热明显对中－β尺度扰动具有激发增长的作用，并且促使扰动向暖区传播，而中高层加热则具有一定的差异性。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF MERIDIONAL WIND ANOMALIES IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND SSTA

The Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) method is used to conduct studies of periodicity of the SST and meridional winds in tropical Pacific Ocean. The results show that the air-sea system for the Pacific varies on quasi-4-year, quasi-2-year and interannual scales, with the quasi-4-year scale having the highest variability. Depending on the scale, the wind field has a varying degree of association with the SST anomalies. Difference is also found in the evolution of phase. In addition, the work discusses the difference in SSTA resulted from wind fields for quasi-4-year and quasi-2-year components.     

THE DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND THE ANOMALOUS ENSO DEVELOPMENTS IN 1990S

By using the wavelet transform method,the ENSO(2—7 a)signal and the decadal variability(8—20 a)are filtered out from the long-term SST data sets in order to investigate characteristicsof the decadal variability and its impact on the ENSO.It is found that there are two different kindsof decadal SSTA modes-horseshoe and horse saddle patterns in the tropical Pacific.Thehorseshoe pattern represents that the decadal SSTA variability in the central Pacific is in phasewith that in the eastern Pacific.The horse saddle pattern is named that they are out of phase.Theformer constituted the decadal variability before 1990s and the latter mainly prevailed during1990s.As the response of atmosphere to the ocean,two decadal wind patterns appear inassociation with the SST decadal modes.One is characterized by anomalous development of thezonal wind,the other by anomalous development of the meridional wind.These two kinds ofmodes can also be regarded as different phases of the decadal oscillation.Further studies haveshown that the influences of the two kinds of modes on the ENSO are different.The horse saddlemode has a stronger impact on the ENSO than the horseshoe mode.A possible mechanism for the influence of the decadal variability on the ENSO signal ispresented.The central part of the thermocline along the equatorial Pacific moves up or downsimultaneously with its eastern part while the decadal variability bears the horseshoe pattern.Butthe two segments of the thermocline in the central and eastern Pacific act oppositely while thedecadal variability shows the horse saddle pattern.In this case it has an-influence on the individualENSO'events by the superposition of the decadal variability.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.     

西北太平洋夏季风的气候学研究

西北太平洋季风区(5°~25°N,120°~160°E)是亚洲-太平洋季风区与亚洲-澳大利亚季风区的一个重要部分,也是一个独立的季风区。文中对西北太平洋夏季风进行了气候学研究,发现西北太平洋夏季风的爆发发生在31候(6月上旬)前后。爆发后,夏季风经历了3次活跃-中断循环,每个循环都相应于独立的干期和湿期。第1个循环是从6月初到7月中旬,降水与低层西风的中心主要位于5°~10°N。第2个循环是7月下旬至9月下旬,降水与低层西风明显向东北方向移动,位于10°~20°N。这个循环是西北太平洋夏季风最强盛的时期。第3个循环是从9月末到10月末,降水与低层西风又向南退回到5°~10°N,达到了西北太平洋夏季风最弱的阶段。这个循环的结束也就预示着西北太平洋夏季风的结束。西北太平洋季风区有明显的季节内振荡(ISO),这种气候的季节内振荡(CISO)主要由30~60 d与10~20 d两种周期组成,但是主要以30~60 d的低频振荡为主。根据西北太平洋的对流和低层西风在不同位相分布的分析,可以看出西北太平洋的低频对流和西风是向西向北传播的。西北太平洋的季风降水、对流与西风的活跃-中断循环在很大程度上受30~60和10~20 d低频振荡的调制。     

中国稻田甲烷排放在减少

2005年6月8-9日在中国气象局召开了中国科技部和美国能源部合作项目“气候科学”的第三届科学工作组会议。在会上,美国Portland State University物理系Khalil教授做了一个引人注意的报告,基于对中国稻田甲烷排放的多年测量进行分析,提出了中国稻田甲烷排放在减少,人口增长与稻田甲烷排放没有明显的关系,稻田可能不再是一个减少甲烷排放的有效途径以及现在大气甲烷浓度年增长率在减小和变化趋势趋于稳定等结论。笔者对以上结论作了简要介绍和分析。     

热带东风急流的气候学和中期振荡

本文用13年夏半年(5—10月)月平均风场和两年逐日风场资料研究了200hPa南亚热带东风急流的气候学特征和中期振荡过程。研究表明,南亚夏季热带东风急流显著的非季节性变动和年际差异与低纬对流层高层大尺度环流变化和南亚夏季风活动密切相关,相对于多年平均而言,存在5类异常的东风急流。 各种分析表明,热带东风带存在三种主要的中期振荡。准50天周期振荡与夏季南亚对流层上部大尺度散度场的变化相关联,表现为十分显著的向南的位相传播。准50天和25天振荡均存在显著的年际变化。准50天周期振荡系统性不强的年份,准25天周期振荡是低纬行星波的主要振荡,在东风急流区除表现为系统性向西传播外也表现为向南的位相传播。准双周振荡在东风带一般向西传播。      

1982年东亚及太平洋地区视热源及视水汽汇的分布

本文对１９８２年东亚及太平洋地区逐月的视热源（Ｑ１）及视水汽汇（Ｑ２）进行了计算。发现视热源及视水汽汇的分布不仅存在明显的季节性变化,而且在１９８２年这一强厄尔尼诺年,视热源及视水汽汇分布和强度也有相应的异常变化。在１９８２年５～６月,厄尔尼诺开始时,印度尼西亚表现为视热汇及视水汽源,而赤道中太平洋为较强的视热源及视水汽汇。随着ＥＮＳＯ事件的发展,这一现象有增强的趋势。赤道太平洋的强视热源及视水汽汇也进一步向东发展。南海、西太平洋副热带及赤道东太平洋等区域强视热源和强视水汇的垂直分布相差很大;在海洋区域多为对流性降水     

Impacts of SST anomalies in the Indian-Pacific basin on Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone activities during three super El Ni?o years

This study investigated the impact of sea surface temperature(SST)in several important areas of the Indian-Pacific basin on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)during the developing years of three super El Ni?o events(1982,1997,and 2015)based on observations and numerical simulations.During the super El Ni?o years,TC intensity was enhanced considerably,TC days increased,TC tracks mostly recurved along the coasts,and fewer TCs made landfall in China.These characteristics are similar to the strong ENSO-TC relationship but further above the climatological means than in strong El Ni?o years.It indicates that super El Ni?o events play a dominant role in the intensities and tracks of WNP TCs.However,there were clear differences in both numbers and positions of TC genesis among the different super El Ni?o years.These features could be attributed to the collective impact of SST anomalies(SSTAs)in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and East Indian Ocean(EIO)and the SST gradient(SSTG)between the southwestern Pacific and the western Pacific warm pool.During 2015,the EIO SSTA was extremely warm and the anomalous anticyclone in the western WNP was enhanced,resulting in fewer TCs than normal.In 1982,the EIO SSTA and spring SSTG showed negative anomalies,followed by an increased anomalous cyclone in the western WNP and equatorial vertical wind shear.This intensified the conversion of eddy kinetic energy from large-scale flows,favorable for the westward shift of TC genesis.Consequently,anomalous TC activities during the super El Ni?o years resulted mainly from combined SSTA impacts of different key areas over the Indian-Pacific basin.