2009年是空梅吗?

2009年江淮梅雨异常:(1)在正常梅雨期,江淮梅雨区的降水量明显偏少,有人认为是空梅或非典型梅雨;(2)在7月下旬到8月初,江淮流域又出现了所谓"二度梅"或"晚梅雨"的现象.为什么该年的梅雨会前弱后强?本文重点分析了2009年江淮异常梅雨的大尺度环流背景,并从季节内振荡角度探讨了异常梅雨的形成机制.结果表明:(1)亚...     

中国南方地区冬季风降水异常的分析

1997/1998和1998/1999年冬季是中国南方典型的多雨年和少雨年,它们分别发生在El Nio年和La Nina年.为了了解这两个冬季降水异常的原因,通过对比分析方法对这两个冬季的大气环流和水汽输送的差异进行了研究.结果表明:多雨年与ENSO事件的暖期相联系,西风带槽脊偏东偏弱,东亚冬季风减弱,副热带高压增强,对流层低层距平流场上呈现两个反气旋和一个气旋性环流,中心位于长江流域的气旋性环流的垂直结构和形成机理与菲律宾海反气旋不同.少雨年赤道海温的距平分布及高低层环流系统都与多雨年几乎相反.研究还揭示,冬季中国南方地区的水汽主要来自南支西风带低槽前部的西南气流和南海-中南半岛上空的转向气流,水汽输送通道随高度有明显的变化.1997/1998年冬季加强的南支西风气流和菲律宾海异常反气旋有利于水汽向中国大陆输送;1998/1999年南支西风气流弱,中国东南沿海低层为冷性高压控制,两支水汽输送带都大大减弱.这种水汽输送的明显年际变化是造成这2年冬季南方降水明显差异的一个关键因子.     

MODIFIED MASS FLUX CUMULUS CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT—PART Ⅰ:MASS FLUX SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION OF THE 1991 FLOOD EVENT

Based on the existing cumulus convective parameterization schemes,a mass flux scheme(MFS)for cumulus convective parameterization has been successfully developed by reference to thework of Chen et al.(1996).The MFS is a comprehensive scheme.In MFS,not only theimportance of the large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account,but also it includes thecumulus updrafts and downdrafts,cumulus-induced subsidence in the environmental air.entrainment,detrainment and evaporation.The interaction between the cumulus and theenvironment is described by using a one-dimensional bulk model.At the same time the schemeincludes the penetrative and shallow convections.The MFS has been successfully incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM2developed by NCAR.The new model has been applied to simulate summer monsoon characteristicsand their variations of heavy rainfall process in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins for threemonths from May to July 1991.The results show that the new model can successfully simulate thisrainfall prolonged process.By comparising the model outputs of RegCM2.using the Kuo schemeand the MFS.it is found that the MFS is better in simulating the surface temperature,rainfallposition and amount,and rainfall duration.     

影响我国短期气候异常的关键区：亚印太交汇区

围绕国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“亚印太交汇区海气相互作用及其对我国短期气候的影响”,介绍了“亚印太交汇区”（AIPO）的概念,从气候系统多圈层相互作用的角度,阐述了研究AIPO区海气相互作用的科学意义;在分析国内外海气相互作用影响气候研究发展动态的基础上,指出AIPO区是影响我国短期气候的关键区;研究AIPO区海气相互作用对我国短期气候的影响也是国民经济发展需要亟待解决的重要课题。介绍了项目拟研究的关键科学问题,指出该项目的最终研究目标为：揭示AIPO季节到年际尺度的海气相互作用特征,从而提出该关键区海气相互作用影响我国短期气候异常的理论框架,为改进东亚季风的季度—年际变化预测提供理论和方法。     

中性和不稳定层结大气的孤立行波精确解

通过研究二维准动量无辐散、无摩擦层结大气非线性方程组的行波解问题证明，非线性行波解的本质属性是由参数ｂ的符号性质决定的。当ｂ＞０时，为周期解，其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；当ｂ≤０时，为孤立波解。给出了一般行波解的解析表达式。并细致地研究了中性和不稳定层结大气中的孤立行波的特征，发现中性和不稳定层结大气中存在具有类似于飑线结构特征的孤立波。指出了中性和不稳定层结大气中的一般孤立行波物理量的分布特征。     

淮河流域能量和水分循环研究进展

1998和1999年夏,中国与日本科学家合作在安徽省淮河流域进行了第一次大规模的能量与水循环试验(WCRP/GEWEX/GAME/HUBEX),其重点是研究东亚梅雨锋系的多尺度,多系统结构、特征、生命史、发生发展机理及其引起洪涝灾害的原因。这是第一次中日合作的气象与水文联合观测试验,在此加强观测的基础上,双方进一步进行了长达5年的资料整理分析和科学研究工作,整个淮河流域能量与水循环试验与研究取得了全面和丰硕的成果。文中介绍了该计划所取得的主要成果,并以现在科学进展的视野重新评估这些成果的科学意义和不足,为进一步开展新的淮河与长江中下游梅雨科学联合试验提供经验和新的研究目标。     

The strong El Niño of 2015/16 and its dominant impacts on global and China's climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed, based on the latest global climate observational data, especially that of China. The results show that this strong El Niño event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Niño episodes in recorded history. Meanwhile, it is also expected to be the longest event recorded, attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014. Owing to the impacts of this strong event, along with climate warming background, the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015. Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Niño episode, and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China, especially over the bend of the Yellow River, central Inner Mongolia, and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay. Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas. The El Niño episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015, when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines, bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China. At the same time, a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes, which suppressed northerly winds in North China. These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region. Currently, this strong El Niño is weakening very rapidly, but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions, especially in China.     

东亚寒潮冷空气的传播和行星尺度作用

本文研究了1980—1984年冬季19次东亚寒潮爆发过程中低频扰动的传播特征和行星尺度作用。揭示出冷空气的向南传播主要是一种低频模态的10—20天周期的振荡。另一方面,与寒潮爆发有关的西伯利亚冷高压作为北半球冬季对流层的主要冷源会导致一系列行星尺度过程的响应。这主要表现为辐散环流的上升支迅速地从印尼—马来西亚地区东移到东太平洋,使正常的沃克环流反向。这种情况十分相似于由非厄尔尼诺年到厄尔尼诺年辐散环流的运动。从动力学上,这种辐散环流有利于东太平洋以及北美西岸的天气发展。     

淮河流域能量和水分循环观测系统及作用

淮河流域是中国南北气候重要的过渡带,气象灾害频繁发生。这里水网、农田、丘陵、山地、城镇密布,地-气作用复杂,干冷与暖湿空气时常交汇于此,造成局地或流域旱涝经常发生。淮河流域处于梅雨区,且是中国重要的农业生产基地,具有气象和水文综合观测系统,积累了长序列的气象和水文观测资料。因此,淮河流域是研究能量和水分循环的理想试验区。国家自然科学基金重大项目"淮河流域能量与水分循环试验和研究(HUaihe river Basin Experiment,简称HUBEX)"于1998、1999年夏在淮河流域开展了气象和水文联合观测试验。文中回顾了HUBEX试验的目的、观测网设计与布局,介绍了HUBEX推动下的淮河流域综合观测网的发展,总结了HUBEX观测试验对区域气候事件和暴雨等灾害性天气机理研究、提高模式模拟和预报能力及建立长期连续的气象观测数据集等方面的成果和作用。     

Climatological characteristics of the moisture budget and their anomalies over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean (SIO) is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the cross-equatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and the South China Sea (SCS) to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific (NWNP), and North China (NC) as well as South China (SC) begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China (NEC) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins (YHRB) have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific (SWNP) in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of El Ni\~no and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific (WNP) is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.