高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位大幅下降的联动效应

“嫦娥”一号、二号绕月飞行经历地球磁尾边界层区域时,分别在2007年11月26日-2008年2月5日和2010年10月3日-2011年2月28日,发现了15次月球轨道0.1~2 MeV电子急剧增加（Bursts of 0.1~2 MeV Energetic Electrons,BEE）,卫星周围等离子体离子加速的现象.统计研究表明,这类现象发生在稳定太阳风和弱行星际磁场条件下,且无显著空间环境扰动事件发生时,离子的加速滞后于高能电子爆发,离子能量的变化与高能电子通量的时间演化正相关,地球磁鞘内侧或边界层过渡区域是该类现象的高发区,离子能量增加时卫星表面电位大幅下降可达负几千伏.为了研究高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位变化的关系及其对月球表面电位的影响,本文用电流平衡法建立绕月卫星和月球表面充电模型,并假设能量电子（>2 eV~2 MeV）满足幂律谱的分布,模拟急剧增加的能量电子对卫星和月球表面电位的影响.模拟结果表明,能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降;能量电子总流量>1011 cm-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负上千伏;月球充电到大的负电位的时间仅为卫星充电时间的1/10.鉴于高能电子急剧增加事件的高发生率（~125次/年）,能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星表面电位大幅下降的发生率应大于实测等离子体离子加速现象的发生率（~25次/年）.     

Mechanical compression release device in steel bracing system for retrofitting RC frames

1 Introduction Braced steel frames are commonly used to resist seismic loads. Their seismic behavior was extensively studied during the past decades (Bertero et al.., 1989; Roeder, 1989; Jain, 1978). Their design is governed by the buckling behavior of the bracing members (ASCE, 1994,2002; CSA, 1994). To prevent or delay the seismic buckling of compressive members in concentrically braced frames in steel structures, a great number of methods have been proposed. These include the use of sp…     

利用H/V谱比法辨识场址非线性反应(英文)

The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio has become popular in studies of the site effect and the determination of the predominant period of a site.     

大洋深俯冲带流变性质及其地球动力学意义

在压力3 GPa, 温度1450～1600 K, 应变速率10-4～10-5 s-1条件下, 对深俯冲带和上地幔中两种重要岩石(榴辉岩和方辉橄榄岩)的流变性质进行了实验研究, 获得了榴辉岩在超高压条件下的流变参数, 应力指数为3.4, 活化能为480 kJ/mol, 活化体积为12 cm3/mol. 实验结果表明具有中等石榴石含量榴辉岩的流变强度与方辉橄榄岩的流变强度在上地幔浅部条件下基本相当, 是多晶绿辉石岩强度的2～3倍和多晶石榴石岩强度的一半. 随榴辉岩中石榴石含量的逐步增加, 岩石的整体流变强度也不断增大. 在实验研究基础上, 计算了不同板块汇聚速率条件下深俯冲大洋岩石圈在不同深度层次上的流变强度, 以及橄榄岩和榴辉岩上地幔流变强度随深度的变化. 研究表明, 俯冲洋壳从下覆的上地幔拆离出来最有可能发生在缓慢俯冲的热俯冲带中; 而快速俯冲的冷俯冲带, 俯冲地壳与上地幔之间在强度上是耦合的, 发生拆离的可能性不大. 过渡带是上地幔中除岩石圈地幔外的高强度和高黏度层.     

2004年苏门答腊-安达曼地震图小波分析及其在海啸早期预警中的应用

试图利用小波变换在地震图开始部分检测长周期成分。分析了2004年12月6日苏门答腊—安达曼M_w9.2级地震和2005年3月28日尼亚斯M_w8.7级地震的位移地震图。小波分析能够在S波到达台站前清楚地区分两次地震的长周期W震相的振幅。结果显示,2004年地震W震相的振幅明显更大。这一方法可以用于快速识别具有引发海啸可能的巨大地震。     

Approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition in the simulation of spatially varying ground motions

The spectral representation method(SRM) is widely used to simulate spatially varying ground motions.This study focuses on the approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition,which can improve the efficiency of the simulation.The accuracy of the approximation approach may be affected by three factors: matrix for decomposition,distribution of frequency interpolation nodes and elements for interpolation.The influence of these factors on the accuracy of this approach is examined and the following conclusions are drawn.The SRM based on the root decomposition of the lagged coherency matrix exhibits greater accuracy than the SRM based on the root decomposition of the cross spectral matrix.The equal energy distribution of frequency interpolation nodes proposed in this study is more effective than the counter pith with an equal spacing.Elements for interpolation do not have much of an effect on the accuracy,so interpolation of the elements of the decomposed matrix is recommended because it is less complicated from a computational efficiency perspective.     

Toxic contaminants and their biological effects in coastal waters of Xiamen,China. II. Biomarkers and embryo malformation rates as indicators of pollution stress in fish

Baseline information is presented on embryo malformation rate and biomarkers in fish as indicators of sub-lethal stress caused by pollution in coastal waters of Xiamen, PR China. Fish and eggs were sampled from several areas in Xiamen coastal waters (Xiamen Harbour, Maluan and Tongan Bays and East Channel), where varying levels of pollutant input have been documented. Comparative sampling was done at a "cleaner" reference site at Dongshan Island. Embryonic malformation rates, which indicate general water quality, varied with location and species of fish, and exceeded background levels for unpolluted waters (assumed approximately 5%) by up to eightfold at some sites. Generally, sites around Xiamen Harbour show signs of poor water quality having highest mean levels of embryo deformity (20-30%) and these decreased towards open waters (Tongan Bay, Eastern Channel) where abnormalities approached background levels. An indication that toxic contaminants may be having a localised effect in the region, particularly in the harbour was reinforced by the biomarker assays. However, activities of the biomarkers ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase in fish livers indicate no clear pattern, and there is no evidence that fish from the four sampling areas have been more or less exposed to PAHs and other compounds that induce these biomarkers. Antioxidant biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) suggest that exposure to xenobiotics appears to be lowest in Dongshan and Maluan and highest in the harbour and Tongan. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in fish muscle indicated possible effects by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in Xiamen waters and these effects may be greatest in the area of the harbour.     

Microbial responses using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to oil and chemical dispersant in enclosed ecosystems

Microbial responses to the addition of oil with or without a chemical dispersant were examined in mesocosm and microcosm experiments by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial ribosomal DNA and direct cell counting. When a water-soluble fraction of oil was added to seawater, increases in cell density were observed in the first 24h, followed by a decrease in abundance and a change in bacterial species composition. After addition of an oil-dispersant mixture, increases in cell density and changes in community structure coincided, and the amount of bacteria remained high. These phenomena also occurred in response to addition of only dispersant. Our results suggest that the chemical dispersant may be used as a nutrient source by some bacterial groups and may directly or indirectly prevent the growth of other bacterial groups.     

岩浆期后成矿的能量原理

矽卡岩、云英岩、钠长岩和热液类型的矿床是岩浆期后金属矿床的典型代表。到目前为止,相当肯定地确定了这些矿床和其它内生金属矿床成矿物质的来源以及形成这些矿床的矿化热液的来源。成矿物质来源分为:1)壳下玄武岩类的或岩浆的;2)地壳花岗岩类的或同化的;3)渗入的。成矿热水系分力:1)岩浆水;2)交质水; 3)沉积岩的埋藏水;