海拔高度对土壤温度的影响(节译)

对土壤温度的季节性变化,曾进行了广泛的研究。其中如何区分气象因子和土壤物理特性对地温的影响感到因难。本文通过实例证明,至少在英国,后者的影响和前者相比是次要的;其次的难题是所能得到的多数土壤温度资料是09时(世界时)的定时记录。本文指出,仔细考虑所能得到的有限的连续观测资料,可以在一定程度上解决这难题。最后文章指出,在夏天,土壤温度随海拔的升高而大辐度的下降(比气温降得快),在冬天,地温随海拔的升高降温减慢,有时甚至增温,多数情况下,比气温降温小,这些重要的现象,认为可以得到解释。     

野外地质尺

使用所推荐的野外地质尺可以迅速和简捷地做出图表资料,由于这种尺可以代替一些工具,因而使用起来方便.此外,还能节约大量的时间(见图).     

Rapid increase in copper concentrations in a new marina, San Diego Bay

Concentrations of copper in water rose rapidly following the introduction of boats to a new marina in San Diego Bay. Two months after the marina reached half its capacity, a majority of water samples exceeded chronic and acute criteria for dissolved copper, and copper concentrations in several samples exceeded the highest concentrations observed in another marina that has been listed as an impaired water body. A box model suggested that a small fraction of the leached copper was sequestered in sediment. Copper concentrations in water entering the marina from the bay was more than half the chronic concentration limit, so only 50% of marina boat capacity could be accommodated without exceeding the chronic criterion more than 50% of the time. Copper concentrations in water may increase rapidly following boat introduction in small marinas, but could return to pre-introduction levels by controlling boat numbers or reducing use of copper-based paints.     

不同围压下岩石中泊松比的各向异性

由弹性波纵横波速比计算得到的泊松比,在利用地震波反演地下结构和物质组成时,可以提供比单纯地利用纵波或者横波波速更强的约束. 为了研究不同岩石中泊松比及其各向异性随围压的变化,选取19块典型的岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的3个方向同时测量纵、横波速度,并通过计算得到了泊松比及其各向异性. 结果表明,在大部分样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性有一定的相关性,但在有的样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性没有明显的关系,甚至表现出完全相反的变化规律. 由于泊松比也表现出很强的各向异性,在排除微裂隙的影响后有的仍可以达到30髎以上,在利用实际地震波传播数据通过泊松比反演地下物质结构时必须考虑其各向异性的影响.     

基于开放互操作标准的分布式地理空间模型共享研究

传统的单机环境和封闭式网络环境由于有限的资源利用能力, 难以充分支持分散地学数据、模型等资源的共享与应用集成。基于网络环境的信息交换特点, 提出了分布式地理空间模型共享的服务体系。该体系以数据、模型、元数据等互操作要素为核心, 通过网络将数据、模型等网络节点进行开放式耦合。针对地理空间模型服务的互操作问题, 提出了分布式环境下的模型共享服务交互接口, 该接口定义了模型服务元数据、模型服务的交互操作、模型服务的通讯方式等交互规则, 尽可能地降低模型服务与模型终端之间在数据交换、功能调用等方面的互操作困难。为了降低将模型共享为模型服务的实现难度, 设计和开发了地理空间模型共享平台, 并介绍了在该平台上发布地理空间模型的2种方法。最后介绍了研究成果在Prairie生态模型共享方面的应用实践。     

RECORD OF BLOCK ROTATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA (HIDDEN VALLEY, CENTRAL NEPAL)

RECORD OF BLOCK ROTATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA (HIDDEN VALLEY, CENTRAL NEPAL)     

SERPENTINIZATION OF THE MANTLE WEDGE BY FLUIDS DERIVED FROM CONTINENTAL CRUSTAL MATERIAL: EVIDENCE FROM Nd ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES OF SERPENTINITES (TSO MORARI DOME,ELADAKH)

SERPENTINIZATION OF THE MANTLE WEDGE BY FLUIDS DERIVED FROM CONTINENTAL CRUSTAL MATERIAL: EVIDENCE FROM Nd ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES OF SERPENTINITES (TSO MORARI DOME,ELADAKH)1　deSigoyerJ ,GuillotS .Glaucophane bearingeclogitesintheTsoMoraridome (easternLadakh ,NWHimalaya) [J] .Euro peanJournalofMineralogy ,1997,9:10 73～ 10 83. 2　deSigoyerJ,ChavagnacV ,VillaIM ,etal.DatingtheIndiancontinentalsubductionandcollisionalthicke…     

加拿大安大略省赫姆洛金矿的稳定同位素和痕量元素研究

1981年在加拿大安大略省发现的赫姆洛(Hemlo)金矿是目前北美最大的金矿之一,探明储量已超过600t。赫姆洛金矿在太古代晚期地层中沿层产出,矿体形状规则、规模巨大,矿石品位均匀,具有同生层状矿床的特征。但同时,它的元素组合和围岩蚀变又显示出浅成热液矿床的某些特点。所有这些特点,使得赫姆洛金矿成为一个有重大经济价值和科学研究意义的新型矿床。 我们自1985年以来,对赫姆洛金矿的微量元素和各种稳定同位素组成进行了详细的研究,为阐明矿床的成因和晚太古代水圈和大气圈的状况提供了一系列重要依据。     

Improved reliability in the interpretation of geochemical measurements by the quantification of uncertainty from sampling

All geochemical measurements require the taking of field samples, but the uncertainty that this process causes is often ignored when assessing the reliability of the interpretation, of the geochemistry or the health implications. Recently devised methods for the estimation, optimisation and reduction of this uncertainty have been evaluated by their application to the investigation of contaminated land. Uncertainty of measurement caused by primary sampling has been estimated for a range of six different contaminated land site investigations, using an increasingly recognized procedure. These site investigations were selected to reflect a wide range of different sizes, contaminants （organic and metals）, previous land uses （e.g. tin mining, railway sidings and gas works）, intended future use （housing to nature reserves） and routinely applied sampling methods. The results showed that the uncertainty on measurements was substantial, ranging from 25% to 186% of the concentration values at the different sites. Sampling was identified as the dominant source of the uncertainty （〉70% of measurement uncertainty） in most cases. The fitness-for-purpose of the measurements was judged using the optimized contaminated land investigation （OCLI） method. This identifies the optimal level of uncertainty that reduces to overall financial loss caused by the measurement procedures and the misclassification of the contamination, caused by the uncertainty. Generally the uncertainty of the actual measurements made in these different site investigations was found to be sub-optimal, and too large by a factor of approximately two. The uncertainty is usually limited by the sampling, but this can be reduced by increasing the sample mass by a factor of 4 （predicted by sampling theory）. It is concluded that knowing the value of the uncertainty enables the interpretation to be made more reliable, and that sampling is the main factor limiting most investigations. This new approach quantifies this problem for the first time, and allows sampling procedures to be critically evaluated, and modified, to improve the reliability of the geochemical assessment.