用三分量台站台阵测定方位角与慢度

我们比较了三分量台站测定ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵记录的短周期Ｐ型震相的方位角和慢度的能力。对于垂直台阵数据,可由宽频带频度－波数（ｆ－ｋ）分析得到方位角和慢度,而对于三分量数据,用偏振分析就可以了。使用从ＮＯＲＥＳＳ简报上获取的到时和优势频率,数据处理过程是自动化的。将取自ＮＥＩＳ或区域台网简报上的方位角和慢度的独立测值作为参考植。我们分析了多次地震,包括远震和近震。它们有着不同的距离和方位角,且信噪比（ＳＮＲ）的取值范围很大。三分量台站测定方位角和慢度的能力关键是依赖于ＳＮＲ。当ＳＮＲ小于阈值（约２）时,方位角与慢度的测值离散性很大,而且对于远震事件的慢度估计过高。ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵结果也具有场地依从性。在考虑到的ＳＮＲ值水平上,用宽频带ｆ－ｋ法获得的台阵测值受噪声的影响不大,而当ＳＮＲ充分大时,两种方法相当,ｆ－ｋ法     

1994年玻利维亚地震破裂过程中的摩擦熔融

１９９４年玻利亚地震的震源参数显示最大地震效率η为０．０３６,最小摩擦应力为５５０ｂａｒ。因此震源过程虽耗散,这与观测到的慢破裂速度相一致。破裂速率仅是局部Ｓ波速度的２０％。在玻利维亚破裂中产生的非辐射能可以与１９８０年圣海伦斯火山喷发的热能相比,或者还大于它,足以融化３１ｃｍ厚的地层。一旦破裂开始,熔融就可能发生,使摩擦力减弱并促使断层滑动。     

Prevalence and diversity of norovirus genogroups I and II in Hong Kong marine waters and detection by real-time PCR

Marine waters from six sites around Hong Kong with varying levels of sewage pollution were examined for noroviruses (NoVs) by PCR cloning and sequencing of a highly-variable N-terminal region of the VP1 capsid gene, at the ORF1-ORF2 junction of NoV. Phylogenetic analysis of genogroups GI- and GII-specific PCR clones obtained from different marine sites indicated that human NoV GI.1 and GII.4 strains are the most prevalent genotypes circulating in Hong Kong waters. GI- and GII-specific TaqMan-based real-time PCR assays targeting the ORF1-ORF2 junction of NoVs were used to quantify NoV particles in marine water samples in parallel with total Escherichia coli counts which were enumerated on TBX medium. No correlation of any significance between NoV and E. coli counts was observed which highlighted the inadequacy in using E. coli as a fecal indicator to predict the level of NoVs in marine waters to protect public health.     

Use of biliary PAH metabolites as a biomarker of pollution in fish from the Baltic Sea

During field campaigns of the BEEP project (Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution in Marine Coastal Ecosystems) in 2001-2002, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in bile samples from three fish species, flounder (Platichthys flesus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), from four separate areas in the Baltic Sea. Two determination methods were applied: fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) for pyrene-type metabolites and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC). There was a good correlation between the FF method and 1-OH pyrene determined by HPLC. Normalisation of the FF data for absorbance at 380 nm or bile protein concentrations greatly increased variance in one third and decreased it in two thirds of the cases and resulted in a loss of significant differences (protein normalisation) between the sampling stations, but normalisation of the HPLC data had little effect on the results. The biliary PAH metabolite content was usually higher in males than in females. In perch and eelpout the biliary PAH contents were at similar levels, whereas in flounder the levels were lower. The sampling areas arranged in decreasing order of biliary PAH contents were: Wismar Bay > Gulf of Gdansk > Lithuanian coast > Kvadofj?rden (reference area). It is concluded that FF with un-normalised data is a reliable and simple method for monitoring purposes and only one sex of a selected species should be used.     

微细浸染型金矿深源矿质和流体地球化学示踪研究

在宏观和微观地质特征研究基础上,运用硅同位素动力学分馏原理,结合硅质阴极发光分析,论证了微细浸染型金矿的成矿硅质、矿质和流体主要直接来源于上地幔分异或深部循环的超临界流体,并认为这种深部因素可能对形成大型和超大型矿床发挥了重要作用.这对该类型金矿的成因研究及找矿开辟了新的思路.     

香港一富营养河港内的底泥耗氧和营养盐释放

Tolo Harbour has received massive discharges of municipal sewage, agricultural wastes and cottage industrial effluents, via three river systems, in the past two decades before the mid Eighties. The Harbour is almost land locked and poorly flushed. The soft sediment acted as a sink for nutrients and organic pollutants. After a decade of efforts in establishing and enforcing water pollution control legislations and upgrading wastewater treatment facilities, the sediments have turned into sources of nutrients and exert a measurable oxygen demand upon the overlying waters. In vitro measurements showed that the sediments oxygen demand (SOD) was between 17.6 and 54.3 mgo₂ · m^-2 · h^-1. The maximum rates of release of ortho-phosphate phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were 15.0 and 206.0 mg · m^-2 · h^-1, respectively.     

2003年11月超强磁暴热层大气密度扰动及其与焦耳加热和环电流指数的关系——CHAMP卫星观测

本文利用CHAMP卫星加速度仪测量数据,计算和分析2003年11月20～21日大磁暴期间大气质量密度扰动的全球分布特征;研究暴时变化与极区大尺度对流引起的全球焦耳加热总功率及环电流指数SYM-H之间的关系.结果表明,磁暴期间400 km高度上热层大气质量密度大幅度上升, NRLMSISE-00模式预测值与此相比有很大差别;暴时大气密度的增大存在昼/夜半球不对称性：白天强于夜晚,且白天随纬度的分布呈现出比较复杂的图像,在赤道附近和南半球中低纬区（10°N ～50°S）大气密度增大较强,并呈双峰分布,两个峰分别位于0°和45°S,另外在极区也出现大气密度扰动的局部极大,而在夜晚,大气密度变化南北半球比较对称,在赤道低纬区大气密度增大较强;互相关分析表明,中低纬区大气密度变化滞后于全球焦耳加热总功率3～7 h,滞后于环电流指数（SYM-H）0～3 h,与二者存在很强的相关,表明极区焦耳加热和赤道环电流过程对暴时热层大气密度扰动有重要影响.     

基于开放互操作标准的分布式地理空间模型共享研究

传统的单机环境和封闭式网络环境由于有限的资源利用能力, 难以充分支持分散地学数据、模型等资源的共享与应用集成。基于网络环境的信息交换特点, 提出了分布式地理空间模型共享的服务体系。该体系以数据、模型、元数据等互操作要素为核心, 通过网络将数据、模型等网络节点进行开放式耦合。针对地理空间模型服务的互操作问题, 提出了分布式环境下的模型共享服务交互接口, 该接口定义了模型服务元数据、模型服务的交互操作、模型服务的通讯方式等交互规则, 尽可能地降低模型服务与模型终端之间在数据交换、功能调用等方面的互操作困难。为了降低将模型共享为模型服务的实现难度, 设计和开发了地理空间模型共享平台, 并介绍了在该平台上发布地理空间模型的2种方法。最后介绍了研究成果在Prairie生态模型共享方面的应用实践。     

铜镍硫化物矿床的成冈——以诺里尔斯克（俄罗斯）和金川（中国）为例

与超基性岩浆作用有关的铜镍硫化物矿床主要有两种成矿建造,一种为含铬建造,另一种为含铂建造。尖晶石类矿物成分的变化清楚地反映了这两类建造的成矿属性,含铬建造的尖晶石属于铬铁矿－尖晶石系列,含铂建造中则为尖晶石－磁铁矿系列。从含铬建造向含铂建造转变的原因,可以解释为超基性岩艇中硫的作用增加,从而引起反应：４ＦｅＯ＋Ｓ＝ＦｅＳ＋Ｆｅ３Ｏ４（磁铁矿）,同时分散性铂族元素的专属性特征也发生相应变化（Ｒｕ＋Ｏｓ＋Ｉｒ）→（Ｐｔ＋Ｐｄ）。因此,含铬建造中主要富含Ｒｕ、Ｏｓ和Ｉｒ,而含铂建造中则富含Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ。超基性岩浆作用中硫的化学活动性增加与基碱度增加直接有关。因此,含铂的超基性岩大多数情况下与富碱的玄武岩形成共生组合,当富铁熔浆发生硫化作用时,将会导致硫化物与硅酸岩熔浆的不混融,从而形成矿浆,据此,金川含铂铜镍矿石不是矿     

大尺度季风环流的季节变化

一、经向环流 850hPa和200hPa上的逐月大尺度季风环流在早先许多研究中已有论述(如Krishnamurti,1985年)。Krishnamurti指出:东亚西南季风地面气流从5月份开始发展;并在7、8月份到达东亚最北部;9月间季风气流撤回到赤道15°以内热带深处。根据中国科学院大气物理研究所提供的10年月平均资料计算得出的结果表明,4月间垂直环流是由赤道附近和中国中部的上升运动这两种环型组成。赤道附近的上升运动可能与马来西亚半岛对流活动和降雨有联系。实际风大小