冰岛裂谷北部阿斯基亚火山之下岩浆运动引起的下地壳地震

裂谷中的下地壳层通常由于高温而呈韧性,火山岩浆活动会引发地震。冰鸟中大西洋裂谷的特点是热流高,大量岩浆聚集成高达25～30km厚的地壳,在上部8km内常发生地震。2006年7～8月在冰岛北部裂谷带阿斯基亚火山周围布设了20台地震仪进行观测,记录到位于脆韧性边界1700次震源深度为7～8km的上地壳地震;还记录到多数以震群形式发生在其他非震层的下地壳内和完全非震层的中地壳之下14～26km的100个M1〈1．5级小地震。在2007年7～8月的重复测量中,更是观测到2倍以上的下地壳地震事件。大地测量和重力数据显示,在阿斯基亚火山下存在熔岩流,当熔岩从岩浆房通过地壳流向阿斯基亚火山的过程中引发地震,也表明在活动裂谷带中岩浆在张开的岩脉中运移几米距离可引发爆裂。     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments and biota from the coastal area of Dar es Salaam city,Tanzania

Sediment and biota samples were collected from Msimbazi and Kizinga rivers and from the coastal marine environment of Dar es Salaam during both dry and wet seasons. The samples were analyzed for various organochlorine pesticide residues using GC-ECD and GC-MS. Dieldrin, p,p^′-DDT, p,p^′-DDE, p,p^′-DDD, o,p^′-DDT and γ-HCH were detected at significantly greater concentrations above the method detection limits. Recoveries of pesticide residues ranged 86.5–120% in sediments and 62–102% in biota. The average concentrations of total DDT in sediments for the two seasons were almost the same. Biota samples showed significant difference in levels of residues depending on mode of feeding and age of analyzed biota. p,p^′-DDT to total DDT ratios in all matrices indicated recent use of DDT. The levels of residues in sediments suggest possible adverse effects to humans consuming biota that are directly exposed to the sediments. This effect, which is associated with bio-concentration of residues in the tissues of edible aquatic biota, should not affect wildlife. In spite of concern on the adverse effect to humans posed by pesticide residues in sediments, edible biota from the examined water bodies were found to be safe for human consumption.     

海滩剖面模拟试验

引言在过去的几十年间,已经从试验研究和现场测量中收集了有关海滩剖面的性质变化及引起海滩剖面变化的各种物理因素的大量资料信息。根据许多波浪槽试验以及现场观测来看,一般公认的有两种代表性的海滩剖面--阶梯式和沙坝式。Johnson（1952）给阶梯式取名为夏季海滩,沙坝式     

2007年新潟县中越近海地震期间柏崎刈羽核电站垂直阵观测的土的非线性行为

2007年新潟县中越近海地震期间柏崎刈羽核电站遭受到极强的震动。该核电站周围密集的地震检波器阵观测到的加速度记录目前已对公众开放,将会提供有价值的资料。基于在主震及前震、余震中观测到的垂直阵记录,利用归一化输入输出最小化(NIOM)方法研究了S波速度随时间的变化。在地表下50m与50～100m的地层中,发现在主震的主运动期间S波速度显著降低,显示了非线性行为。然而在地表100m以下的基岩层中,观测到了近似线性的行为。并且发现在100m以内的地层中,主运动后不久S波速度增大,说明这些地层没有发生较大的液化。最后,基于得到的S波速度研究了剪切模量和剪应变之间的关系。地表层及中间层的归一化剪切模量(G/G0)降低到约0.2(应变水平1×10-3～1×10-2)和0.6(在应变水平1×10-3～2×10-3)。     

GPS天线安置方法和误差来源

本文阐述了天线准确定位的重要性，提出了影响天线相位中心与测站标志之间准确关系的误差来源，也提出了能够减少误差，检测粗差的外业方法和设备改进意见。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MANAGING PESTICIDE LOSSES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

1 INTRODUCTION Agricultural use of pesticides has been recognized as one of the important non-point pollution sources in the world, and the pesticide application to agricultural lands has led to large amounts of residues discharged into surface water through runoff (Leonard, 1990). There have been growing concerns about the fate and transport of pesticides in agricultural lands, due to the associated adverse impacts on water environment and human health (Agassi et al., 1995; Ng and Clegg…