艮岳,中国园林史上的一朵昙花

河南开封,北宋帝都汴京城,黄河南岸平坦低洼所在。正午的阳光剑一般地划破黄河水波,猛然飞溅出一段历史的暗痛。在北宋汴京时期,这里曾有一处华丽富贵的文化景观,曾有一座举世惊叹的皇家园林。     

Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review

Since the mass production of plastics began in the 1940s, microplastic contamination of the marine environment has been a growing problem. Here, a review of the literature has been conducted with the following objectives: (1) to summarise the properties, nomenclature and sources of microplastics; (2) to discuss the routes by which microplastics enter the marine environment; (3) to evaluate the methods by which microplastics are detected in the marine environment; (4) to assess spatial and temporal trends of microplastic abundance; and (5) to discuss the environmental impact of microplastics. Microplastics are both abundant and widespread within the marine environment, found in their highest concentrations along coastlines and within mid-ocean gyres. Ingestion of microplastics has been demonstrated in a range of marine organisms, a process which may facilitate the transfer of chemical additives or hydrophobic waterborne pollutants to biota. We conclude by highlighting key future research areas for scientists and policymakers.     

蒙库铁矿床与镜铁山铁矿床的对比研究

蒙库铁矿床被认为是与海底喷流沉积作用有关的铁矿床,但存在很大的争议.文章将其与典型的喷流沉积型铁矿--镜铁山铁矿床对比,并结合野外的第一手资料,发现蒙库铁矿床的喷流沉积特征并不明显,而热液成矿作用比较明显,但是热液的性质和来源、成矿时间等尚不明了,蒙库铁矿的成因机理仍有待深入研究.     

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND YOLK-SAC LARVAE OF HERRING AND PLAICE

Changes in quantities of water, sodium, potassium, lipid and protein were compared in developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of herring dupes harengus L., a species with demersal eggs, and plaice Pleuroncctcs platessa L., a species with pelagic eggs. The principal difference between the two species was the occurrence in herring, but not in plaice of considerable increases in water content and in one or both of the above ions at three distinct stages: at fertilization,during the middle stage of egg development, and in the days immediately after hatching. Newly hatched larvae of the two species differed greatly in water content because of the difference in mass and water content of the yolk, not in the water content of the rest of the body. In herring, there were increases in sodium and potassium which coincided broadly with the increase in water content. These differences are related to the gradual acquisition of buoyancy by herring during this period, comparable with the buoyancy conferred on plaice eggs a     

Habitat continuity effects on gradients of fish biomass across marine protected area boundaries

Marine protected areas (MPAs) could be useful as fisheries management tools for the exportation of pelagic eggs, larvae and adult fish. A decreasing gradient of fish biomass across MPAs boundary may indicate export. We determine whether gradients of decreasing biomass of fish assemblage occurred in Tabarca Marine Reserve over two habitats with different continuity across the boundaries, to test if the patchy nature of the marine environment might act as a barrier for the fish export. In general, significant decreasing gradients in total fish biomass and biomass of some species were observed on P. oceanica and rocky substrates, independently of their different continuity through the reserve boundaries. Changes in the multivariate structure of the fish assemblage were correlated with the distance from integral reserve. All of these results support the hypothesis that the exportation of adult fish from Tabarca Marine Reserve occurs, and this process may influence the surrounding fished areas.     

山溪性可冲性强潮河口曹娥江潮汐特征

曹娥江径流具有浙闽山溪性强潮河口的若干径流特征 ,径流年际、年内变幅较大 ,洪水暴涨暴落 ,洪枯比极大。曹娥江河口具有钱塘江河口基本特性外 ,还明显受到江道地形冲淤变化的影响 ,潮汐年际、年内变化较大 (即可冲性特点 )。而江道地形又与上游径流大小、曹娥江口门外主槽出口方向、钱塘江尖山河湾主槽走向和外海潮汐强弱等因素有关。治江围涂使曹娥江河口的高、低潮位抬高 ,涨潮历时缩短、落潮历时延长 ,潮波进一步变形。     

烃气测量法在黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿区找矿预测评价中的应用

乌拉嘎金矿是一个大型金矿床,随着生产对探明储量的不断消耗,保有资源已近枯竭,在矿床深部及周边寻找新的隐伏矿体已刻不容缓。然而,由于该矿床形成后,其上覆盖了一层第三系的凝灰岩,以至于在地表使用常规的地球化学方法找矿效果很差。基于烃类气体具有挥发性强、运移距离远、能穿透深厚的盖层、反映深度大,并可在地表形成异常场等特点,我们将烃气测量技术应用于该地区的找矿预测。本文在分析该区烃类气体的背景特征的基础上,通过分析该区烃类组分在空间上与已知矿体之间的对应关系,异常的分带序列,测区异常的展布特征和时空结构,并结合地质和构造特征,对区内的成矿潜力进行了评价,圈定了相关找矿有利靶区。     

中国高放废物地质处置缓冲材料大型试验台架和热-水-力-化学耦合性能研究

缓冲材料作为高放废物深地质处置库中一道重要的人工屏障,与高放废物容器和处置库围岩直接接触,在高放废物衰变热、辐射作用和地下水等影响下产生复杂的热-水-力-化学耦合作用,为了验证缓冲材料是否能长期有效地发挥其屏障材料的作用,核工业北京地质研究院利用高庙子钠基膨润土组装并运行了模拟中国高放废物地质处置室 尺寸的大型缓冲材料膨润土试验台架（China-Mock-Up）。建立了缓冲材料试验台架的安装和试验方法,依据实测数据和理论分析,揭示了热-水-力-化学耦合作用条件下膨润土中的相对湿度是在加热器的热效应和外部供水的湿效应共同作用下发生变化的,压实膨润土中应力的变化主要是由于膨润土遇水膨胀和加热器的热效应引起的,试验验证了模拟高放废物地质处置室内加热器（废物罐）运行初期的位移过程,为缓冲材料和高放废物地质处置库的设计提供了重要的工程参数和理论依据。     

西北婆罗州深水区：活动褶皱冲断带中的烃类聚集

在西北婆罗州深水区，一个活动的海上褶皱冲断带内拥有大量已经证实的烃类聚集，相信继续的勘探活动还会发现相当可观的油气。在新近纪大规模褶皱冲断带中发现典型的圈闭几何形态是上盘背斜、前陆褶皱及隆起和逆断层下盘错动断开处。商业性钻井目标位于变形的中新统和上新统沉积地层中，其中充满的油气来自现今仍然活跃的含油气系统。此处主要面临的问题是避免钻探活动变形和近期隆起期间烃类已经排出的圈闭。构造变形阶段研究列出了控制圈闭形成史和烃类保存史的一些关键要素。本文目的是提供一个有关西北婆罗州深水区褶皱冲断带的总体看法，为今后这一地区的油气勘探介绍一些重要结果。     

拉萨城市用地变化分析

根据１９９９年８～８月实地调查和以往文献资料、４期航片和地形在信息,动用遥感信息解译和ＧＩＳ软件分析及ＧＰＳ定位核查,准确地展现了过去５０年中拉萨城市用地变化进程,重点分析了城市用地变化产生的生态与环境和问题。主要结论如下：①拉萨城区拓展迅速,从１９５１年始到１９９９年,城区扩大了１０．３１倍,城市建设面积扩大了近１９倍。城区发展分为：城市扩建初期（１９５２～１９６５年）、高速发展时期（１９６６～