注入诱发地震:利用高应力路径储层和温度诱发应力预处理降低诱发地震风险的策略

如果应力路径足够高,正断层应力机制下的流体注入可以稳定储层。当储层由于注入而显著冷却时,这种稳定性将消失。此外,本文还提出了一种新的激发剪切储层的策略,以减少诱发大震级地震的可能性。本文提出的方法适用于逆断层应力状态,包括初始应力预处理阶段,在该阶段,储层被冷却,压力增加受到限制。这一过程降低了水平总应力,从而也降低了差异应力。然后,储层受到孔隙压力快速增加的刺激,在较低的差异应力下导致剪切破坏,比储层中最初出现的差异应力要小。由于古登堡—里克特b值和差异应力之间的联系,以这种方式激发的储层将表现出更高的b值,从而也减少了发生大地震的可能性。该方法的适用范围包括正断层和走滑断层的应力机制。     

野外地质试样中金的萃取—X射线辐射测定

本文介绍了野外地质试样中的萃取－X射线辐射测定法。该法的优点是仪器重量轻，价廉，耗电量小，简易，快速，组件部分成批生产等，可广泛应用于地质勘探工作实践。     

Associations and mobility of uranium in soils near a depleted uranium （DU） weapons testing site, SW Scotland

Natural uranium has three isotopes, ^238U, ^235U and ^234U, with natural abundances of 99.27 atom %, 0.72% and 0.0055%, respectively. Only ^235U is fissile and the production of nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons involves enrichment of uranium in ^235U. This process also results in separation of ^234U from ^238U, leaving depleted uranium （DU）, with typical ^234U/^238U and ^235U/^238U activity ratios of about 0.19 and 0.013, respectively, as a waste product. The high density, high melting and boiling points and chemical stability of uranium and the availability of DU in relatively pure form mean that DU has many uses, including armour-piercing munitions. Such munitions have been developed in the UK since the 1960s and testing has been carried out by the Ministry of Defence （MoD） at firing ranges such as Dundrennan, SW Scotland and Eskmeals, NW England. The firing of DU munitions can result in the dispersion of DU and its combustion products （oxides） as aerosols or as larger fragments, with the potential for human exposure either directly at the site of detonation or via post-depositional migration in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential environmental mobility of DU by characterizing the associations of U in soil porewaters with increasing distance from a firing site. To this end, several soil cores located down-wind of the firing site at Dundrennan, near Kirkcudbright, SW Scotland, were collected in May 2006. These were sectioned on-site into 1- or 2-cm depth intervals and porewaters were isolated by centfifugation （10 minutes; 8873 g） on return to the laboratory. Following filtration through 0.2-micron cellulose nitrate filters, the porewaters were analyzed by ICP-QMS （U concentration） and ICP-OES （Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn concentrations）. Sub-samples were also subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration （100, 30, and 3 kD） and to gel electrophoretic fractionation （agarose; 0.045 M Tris-borate; 20 mA, 30 minutes）. Results showed that U was present at up to 4 μg/L in the soil porewater and that the associations of U varied with sample location and soil depth.     

Benthic recovery after fish farming cessation: a "beyond-BACI" approach

The development of a benthic environment after fish-farming cessation was examined. To ascertain whether recovery occurred, several abiotic (granulometry, acid-volatile sulfides, total phosphorus and redox potential) and biotic (polychaete abundance) variables were monitored using a "beyond-BACI" approach. Before the cessation of farming, the geochemical conditions and polychaete assemblages differed among the impacted and control sites. After cessation, an improvement of the geochemical conditions was achieved. A significant tendency toward a recovery of the polychaete assemblage in the impacted area was observed, but significant differences still remained compared with the control sites. The acid-volatile sulfide level was responsible for these differences. The abundance of polychaete families associated with organically enriched sediments diminished at the impacted site after cessation, whereas the abundance of some sensitive and omnivorous families increased. The "beyond-BACI" approach provided a wider framework than other approaches, enabling us to differentiate the natural variability from those changes induced by the fish farm and farming cessation.     

用强震记录的近场谱快速测定中强地震矩震级M_w的方法(MWSYNTH)

地震矩和相应的矩震级Mw一般由远场体波频谱得出。近场记录,特别是大地震的近场记录,一般不用来获得地震矩和相应的矩震级Mw,原因在于不同类型的波同时到达,无法定义地震矩与频谱之间的简单关系。我们给出了一种新方法,可以通过近场记录的位移谱测定矩震级Mw。把实际记录到的低频谱振幅与用Mw来衡量运动破裂模型算出的合成谱振幅进行了比较。在不同的断层方位上计算出了震中距在1～100km范围内的合成记录和平均值。频谱的初始部分受到加速度记录中基线变化的影响,用各台站的截止频率,通过高通滤波器可以自动识别和消除这种影响。合成谱值、震中距和只经过一次计算并存入表格中的滤波器是矩震级的函数。实际记录的谱振幅被简单地插入合成数据的表格中,这样可以快速测定Mw。用震级在3．9～7．7之间的22个浅源地震对这种方法进行了验证。我们给出,地震发震时刻后80S的信号窗对所考虑的整个震级范围提供了可信的Mw值。也可以用更短的窗长,但会低估大地震的矩震级Mw。这种方法非常适用于近实时的快速测定Mw。     

动力模型用于控制网分析

本文把为变形分析设计的一个数学模型用于大地测量控制网平差。估计一等控制点的相对速度被认为是其数据内容可靠性的有效度量，控制网是根据逐次分批测量的参与点划分，一个动力网固有排列缺陷问题作了详细的讨论，包括所提出解法的说明。     

在中国几个地区进行的大地电流法勘探工作

在中国,自从1957年起,与各种地球物理方法（解决石油地貭任务）广泛发展的同时,比較年輕的大地电流法也得到了很大的发展。大地中存在大地电流,这在一百多年前就知道了。以往的观測表明,大地电流具有脉动性貭,它的大小和方向随时間而变化,并在地球表面很多地区同时出現。大地电流的产生、它的变化以及与地磁場的关系,还沒有搞得相当清楚,这是一个需要进一步研究的問題。