利用多光谱数据编绘怀俄明州山前地带白垩系页岩岩相图

岩相是最小的岩性单元,它能在盆地分析中用于确定沉积环境和古地理.它可指示单一的沉积事件,并可依颜色、结构、成分和沉积为造来决定.岩相图的编绘依赖于调查者在野外的判别,这对于巨厚而单一的页岩层系而言是特别困难的.我们发现热红外(8~14μm)和陆地卫星可见光一近红外图象提供了区分怀俄明州温德河与比格霍恩盆地Cody页岩层系的方法.用热红外和可见光一近红外图象与常规野外工作及实验室技术相结合,提供了怀俄明州山前地带36Ma年前发生的有关海平面变动的新认识.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.     

钙钛矿型硅酸盐的热膨胀及地幔分层

位于地下670公里深处的地震不连续带是上、下地幔的分界面,其压强为24GPa,温度为2—3千K。在这样的条件下,上地幔的主要矿物——橄榄石〔(Mg、Fe)_2SiO_4〕、辉石〔(Mg、Fe)SiO_3〕和石榴石〔(Mg、Fe、Ca)_3Al_2Si_2O_2〕将转变为斜方畸变的具钙钛矿结构的〔(Mg、Fe)SiO_3〕矿物或以钙钛矿为主的矿物组合。由于钙钛矿型的硅酸盐至少在70GPa压力下还是稳定的,因而它被认为是下地幔(或许是整个地球)中最主要的矿物。尽管钙钛矿型的硅酸盐很重要,但直到1976年才被发现,而且由于合成这种矿物所需的压力和温度条件很难达到,所以对其物理性质还不甚了解。例如,钙钛矿热膨胀系数对下地幔可能存在的成分模式起着重要的制约作用。最近我们合成了足够量的钙钛矿型的(Mg_0.9,Fe_0.1)SiO_2以便用X射线衍射法测定其在温度达840K时的无压热膨胀。在高温下测得的平均热膨胀系数为4×10~(-6)K~(-1)。这么大的热膨胀系数表明:根据土地幔组分(如地幔岩或石榴石橄榄岩,Mg值≈0.89)的标准模式求得的无压密度,要比推断的下地幔在无压条件下的密度低大纣2%。这一结果显示:上地幔与下地幔的化学性质是不同的;这与地幔热对流的分层模式是一致的。     

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.     

The role of women in environmental management: an overview of the rural Cameroonian situation

Rural Cameroonian women interact with the environment through their numerous daily chores, and so produce in each Cameroonian ecological zone specific problems which with time can no longer be managed. In cutting down and burning the vegetation so as to create farms, in fetching water, fuel wood and so on in order to satisfy the needs of each household, the Cameroonian rural woman is pushed into a situation where she devastates and accelerates environmental degradation.In any ecological, climatic, ethnic or cultural zone, in which she finds herself, she sets in motion the continuous natural resource consumption process. Unfortunately, she has no firm authority over the land, credit and decision-making where she can come in, interact and check some of these negative consequences. The men have also been identified as accomplices in this environmental degradation process since they push the women into taking much from the environment so as to satisfy men and general domestic needs.Since the rural Cameroonian women constitute a potential partner (56,6%) of the rural production force, this paper highlights the problems created in each zone with the view of awakening public opinion, and creating an awareness of the magnitude in each zone. Some proposals, through the discussion methodology are envisaged. This, through compensatory measures, exchanges in take and give, and in farm community actions to uphold any positive checks. When all these are properly focused and the women's right to land, credit, training and decision-making recognised, they can be brought to the forefront as partners in the better management of the environment.     

Giant Circumferential Dyke Swarms on Earth: Possible Analogues of Coronae on Venus and Similar Features on Mars

正Venusian coronae are large(60-2600 km diameter)tectono-magmatic features characterized by quasi-circular graben-fissure systems and topographic features such as a central dome,central depression,circular rim or circular     

非常规微分纠正的应用

<正> 本文主要叙述了五年来威特厂的OR-1数控正射像片系统在扫描影像、地图投影变换、建筑物和平坦地区等方面进行纠正的情况。作者介绍了OR-1的特点是:影像的纠正是用光学方法实现的,而纠正过程的全部控制由计算机实现。这种方法在理论上是把像片分解成无限多的线元素,然后对每一线     

用微型干涉仪测地终端设备(MITES)测量基线的精度估计

<正> 1980年12月17日将轻便的MITES天线(见Bull.Geod.53,139—163,1979)设在Haystack天文台附近三座测量标志的顶部。这些天线获得了全球定位系统卫星(NAVSTAR/GPS)的射电干涉测量结果,经过分析后,便确定了这些测量标志之间的基线向量。     

哥伦比亚马钦火山热液系统:2011～2013年期间观测到的新岩浆信号

近年来(2009～2013年)哥伦比亚马钦火山出现了新的地震活动。为了改善火山监测系统,本文通过分析该地区火山喷气孔和温泉的化学成分及同位素组成,研究了火山排放的流体地球化学特征。由于火山喷气孔中下部液相分离,导致穹丘中上部的喷气孔亏损δD和δ~(18)O(与大气降雨补给的流体相比)。在2011～2013年期间,发现喷气孔有很明显的岩浆成因He,同时排放的液体中岩浆的贡献量也有所增加,证实了地震活动性的增强。地球化学和地震资料都显示马钦火山已经苏醒,说明该火山仍然处于活跃期,值得我们对其活动性进行重点监测。