Determining and modeling tectonic movements along the central part of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) using geodetic measurements

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which extends from Karl?ova in Eastern Turkey to the Gulf of Saros in the Northern Aegean Sea, is one of the longest active strike-slip faults in the world with a length of about 1500 km. Within the North Anatolian Shear Zone (NASZ) there are long splays off the main trunk of the NAF veering towards the interior parts of Anatolia. Although the whole shear zone is still seismically active, the major seismicity is concentrated along the main branch of the NAF. Splays of the NAF dissect the shear zone into different continental blocks. The largest splay of the NAF was selected to analyze the distribution of movements between the faults delimiting these blocks. Four years of GPS measurements and modeling results indicate that the differential motion between the Anatolian collage and the Eurasian plate along the central part of the NAF is partitioned between fault splays and varies between 18.7 ± 1.6 and 21.5 ± 2.1 mm/yr with the main branch taking ∼90% of the motion.     

Die Alpiden und die Kimmeriden: Die verdoppelte Geschichte der Tethys

Zusammenfassung Das Alpen-Himalaja-System besteht, zwischen den Karpaten und der pazifischen Küste Asiens, aus zwei voneinander unabhängigen, aber einander weitgehend überlagernden orogenen Komplexen. Der hier Kimmeriden genannte ältere Komplex ist durch die Destruktion der Paläo-Tethys, des ursprünglichen, sich nach Osten erweiternden Pangäagolfes zwischen Laurasien und dem Kimmerischen Kontinent in einem Intervall zwischen dem Unterkarbon und Unterkreide entstanden. In seiner Geschichte sind auch die kontinentalen Blöcke von Nord- und Südchina und Annamia sowie eine Anzahl von viel kleineren Fragmenten beteiligt gewesen. Der jüngere, hier als Alpiden bezeichnet, ist durch die Subduktion der Neo-Tethys und örtliche Kollision verschiedener Teile des zersplitterten Gondwana-Landes mit Eurasien zwischen dem Oberjura und der Gegenwart zustandegekommen. Wo die ursprüngliche Breite des Kimmerischen Zwischenkontinents klein war, besteht heute eine fast vollständige Überlagerung der Kimmeriden durch die Alpiden, wobei die Erkennung der ersteren sehr erschwert ist. In Regionen, wo bedeutende Kontinentalstücke zwischen den beiden Orogenkomplexen vorkommen, sind sie leicht voneinander unterscheidbar. Die Kimmeriden enthalten ein geflochtenes Narbennetz, entlang welchem Ozeanschließung zu verschiedenen Zeiten stattfand. Die kimmeridischen Kollisionen haben auch ein ausgedehntes kratonisches Deformationsfeld zwischen dem Dnjepr-Donetz-Becken südöstlich Europas und dem östlichen Sibirien ins Leben gerufen, das durch Horizontalverschiebungen, Zerrungs- und Pressungsbecken und »Inversionen« verschiedenen Stils gekennzeichnet ist. Einige dieser Strukturen waren posthum in bezug auf ältere und viele haben die Platznahme späterer Strukturen der Alpiden stark beeinflußt. Diese Sachlage hat den Anschein langlebiger bodenständiger Strukturen erzeugt, was in der Tat der Ausdruck verschiedener, voneinander ganz unabhängiger, aber gleichorientierter Verformungsfelder zu sein scheint und mit den Strukturen selbst nicht viel zu tun hat. Die Kimmeriden scheinen gewaltige »orogenic Collages« zu enthalten und viel komplizierter als die Alpiden zu sein. Diese orogenen Collages enthalten viele exotische Blöcke panthalassischer Herkunft und große Areale von Akkretionskomplexen auf ozeanischem Boden, wie derjenige des Songpan-Ganzi-Systems in China. Die Erkennung einer »verdoppelten« Geschichte der Tethys führt uns zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der Tektonik nicht nur des Tethysraumes, sondern ganz Eurasiens.

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The Alpme-Himalayan-System consists, between the Carpathians and the Asiatic shores of the Pacific, of two independent, but largely superimposed orogenic complexes. The older complex, here called theCimmerides, formed between the early Carboniferous and the early Cretaceous by the destruction of Palaeo-Tethys, the original, eastwards-widening gulf of Pangaea between Laurasia and the Cimmerian Continent. The continental blocks of North and South China and Annamia, as well as a number of much smaller fragments also participated in its history. The younger one, here designated theAlpides, formed between the late Jurassic and the present by subduction of Neo-Tethys and, locally, by the collision with Eurasia of various fragments of the dispersed Gondwana-Land. Where the original width of the Cimmerian Continent had been small, the superposition of the Cimmerides by the Alpides was nearly complete and the recognition now of the former is therefore very difficult. In regions, where the width of continental pieces lying between the two orogenic complexes is large, both can be distinguished easily. The Cimmerides contain a multi-strand suture network along which ocean closure occured at different times. Cimmeride collisions also generated a vast field of cratonic deformations between the Dnyepr-Donets basin in southeastern Europe and eastern Siberia that is characterised by strike-slip faults, both extensional and compressional basins, and various kinds of >inversion< structures. Some of these structures nucleated on older ones and many also localised the later Alpide structures. This has given the impression of the existence of >autochthonous<, long-lived structures, although every >reactivation< event was the result of entirely independent but similarly-orientated strain fields whose origins had little to do with the structures themselves. The Cimmerides seem to be a more complicated orogenic system than the Alpides, involving large >orogenic collages< probably containing numerous exotic blocks of Panthalassan origin and large areas of accretionary complexes on oceanic substratum, such as that of Songpan-Ganzi of China. The recognition of a >double< history of Tethys leads to a better understanding of the tectonics not only of the Tethyan area, but also of entire Eurasia.

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Résumé Le système Alpes-Himalaya se compose, entre les Car-pathes et la côte pacifique de l'Asie, de deux complexes orogéniques indépendants l'un de l'autre, mais largement superposés l'un à l'autre. Le plus ancien complexe, appelé ici lesCimmérides, s'estformé entre le Carbonifère inférieur et le Crétacé inférieur lors de la disparition de la Paléo-Téthys, c'est-à-dire du golf équatorial Permo-Triassique de la Pangée compris entre la Laurasie et le Continent Cimmérien. Dans ce développement sont également impliqués les blocs continentaux de la Chine septentrionale, de la Chine méridionale, de l'Annamia, ainsi qu'un certain nombre de fragments beaucoup plus petits. Par ailleurs, le complexe plus récent, appelé ici lesAlpides, s'est formé entre le Jurassique supérieur et la période actuelle par la subduction de la Néo-Téthys et des collisions locales de morceaux épars du continent de Gondwana avec l'Eurasie. Là où la largeur initiale du continent cimmérien était faible, on trouve aujourd'hui une superposition complète des deux complexes orogéniques, ce qui rend très difficile la mise en évidence du système le plus ancien. Au contraire, là où des blocs continentaux importants séparent les deux orogènes, leur distinction est facile. Les Cimmérides sont caractérisées par un réseau de sutures multiples, témoin des fermetures océaniques qui se sont produites à différentes époques. Les collisions cimmérides ont également donné lieu à un vaste champ de déformations cratoniques entre le bassin du Dnieper-Donetz (Europe du Sud-Est) et la Sibérie orientale. Ces déformations consistent en décrochements, en bassins d'extension ou de compression et en inversions de divers styles. Certaines de ces structures ont pris naissance de manière posthume sur des structures antérieures, et bon nombre d'entre elles ont à leur tour influencé la localisation des structures des Alpides. Cet état de choses a pu faire croire à l'existence de structures »autochtones« jouant pendant de longues durées; en fait leurs réactivations sont l'efet de champs de déformations successifs, indépendants. l'un de l'autre, mais d'orientation commune, et dont l'origine n'a pas grand chose à voir avec les structures elles-mêmes. Les Cimmérides semblent comporter de gigantesques »collages« orogéniques et, de ce fait, sont plus compliquées que les Alpides. Ces collages orogéniques contiennent beaucoup de blocs exotiques d'origine panthalassique et de grands domaines de complexes d'accrétion sur fond océanique, tel le système Songpan-Ganzi en Chine. La mise en évidence d'une double histoire de la Téthys conduit à une meilleure connaissance de la tectonique non seulement du domaine téthysien, mais aussi de toute l'Eurasie.

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Diese Arbeit ist meinem lieben und verehrten, vor drei Jahren nach fruchtbarster Arbeit durch den Tod entrissenen Freund Prof. Dr. J. Hennig Illies als ein Zeichen meiner Dankbarkeit gewidmet.     

Spatiotemporal dry and wet spell duration distributions in southwestern Saudi Arabia

Summary Regional dry and wet spell durations within a 15 year period are mapped for the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia for summer and winter. If the number of spells is plotted versus duration a straight-line results on semi-logarithmic paper for most stations. However, a few stations exhibit two or three different slopes showing the effect of local climate. Simple regression equations are proposed for the dry or wet spell duration at any station allowing the mapping of regional variation for the entire study area. Such maps are useful tools in the assessment of the spatial and/or temporal wet and dry period duration for the area between stations. Similar maps could be developed for other parts of the world.With 10 Figures     

Flash flood inundation map preparation for wadis in arid regions

Flood inundation maps are dependent on the topographic and geomorphologic features of a wadi (drainage basin) in arid regions, which are most susceptible for potential flash flood occurrences, such as in the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is not possible to control the potential flood hazards by using only technological instruments that forewarn the occurrences or imminence. Additionally, it would be better to prepare flood risk maps so as to delineate the risky areas to educate the administrators and local settlers. The availability of these maps is the key requirement for any urban development that entails land use allocation, identification of dam, tunnel, highway, bridge sites, and infrastructure locations for sustainable future. This paper suggests the necessary steps in flood inundation map preparation after determining the possible flood discharge. For this purpose, a set of critical cross-sections along the possible flood plain are taken in the field with surveying methods and measurements. The calculation of the average flow velocity in each section is calculated according to the cross-section geometric, hydraulic, and material properties. Synthetic rating curves (SRC) are prepared for each cross section, which are very useful especially in arid and semi-arid regions where there are no perennial surface water flows for natural rating curve measurements. All the SRCs appear in the form of power function which relates the flow depth to discharge in a given cross section. It is then possible to calculate the flood depth in the cross section through its SRC. Depending on the cross-section shape, the flood width can be calculated. The connection of a series of widths on a scaled topographic map delineates the flood inundation area. If digital elevation map (DEM) is available, then the SRCs can be integrated with these maps and the flood inundation delineation can be achieved automatically. Since DEMs are not available, the topographic maps are used for this purpose in order to delineate flood inundation areas within wadis Hali and Yiba from the southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

Physical parameters of some close binaries: ET Boo,V1123 Tau,V1191 Cyg,V1073 Cyg and V357 Peg

With the aim of providing new and up-to-date absolute parameters of some close binary systems, new BVR CCD photometry was carried out at the Ankara University Observatory (AUG) for five eclipsing binaries, ET Boo, V1123 Tau, V1191 Cyg, V1073 Cyg and V357 Peg between April, 2007 and October, 2008. In this paper, we present the orbital solutions for these systems obtained by simultaneous light and radial velocity curve analyses. Extensive orbital solution and absolute parameters for ET Boo system were given for the first time through this study. According to the analyses, ET Boo is a detached binary while the parameters of four remaining systems are consistent with the nature of contact binaries. The evolutionary status of the components of these systems are also discussed by referring to their absolute parameters found in this study.     

Experimental investigation of pressure distribution on a cylinder due to the wave diffraction in a finite water depth

The experimental investigations on the pressure distribution around a large vertical cylinder fixed on a wave channel, piercing the free surface and subjected to regular waves have been carried out. Recently, considerable advances have been made in the development of analytical techniques for studying non-linear wave loading phenomena on large structures. However, there is a lack of high quality experimental data that may be used for validating the analytical and numerical solutions obtained. This paper describes the design and execution of an experiment conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory in the Civil Engineering Department of the Istanbul Technical University. Experimental measurements of pressures at different locations are presented including comparisons with the computational results. This study showed that the experimental and computational results generally exhibited better correlation, however, the measured pressure values diverged from the computational results while approaching the free surface.     

Color Removal from Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Sono‐Fenton Process

In this study, the oxidative decolorization of C.I. reactive yellow 145 (RY 145) from synthetic textile wastewater including RY 145 and polyvinyl alcohol by Fenton and sono‐Fenton processes which are the combination of Fenton process with ultrasound has been carried out. The effects of some operating parameters which are the initial pH of the solution, the initial concentration of Fe²⁺, H₂O₂, and the dye, temperature, and agitation speed on the color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals have been investigated. The optimum conditions have been found as [Fe²⁺] = 20 mg/L, [H₂O₂] = 20 mg/L, pH 3 for Fenton process and [Fe²⁺] = 20 mg/L, [H₂O₂] = 15 mg/L, pH 3 for sono‐Fenton process by indirectly sonication at 35 kHz ultrasonic frequency and 80 W ultrasonic power. The color and COD removal efficiencies have been obtained as 91 and 47% by Fenton process, and 95 and 51% by sono‐Fenton processes, respectively. Kinetic studies have been performed for the decolorization of RY 145 under optimum conditions at room temperature. It has been determined that the decolorization has occurred rapidly by sono‐Fenton process, compared to Fenton process.     

Trace and rare-earth element behaviors during alteration and mineralization in the Attepe iron deposits (Feke-Adana,southern Turkey)

Hydrothermal-metasomatic iron ores consisting mainly of siderite, ankerite and hematite are located in the Lower–Middle Cambrian limestone marbles of the Eastern Taurus Belt. The siderite, ankerite, hematite and host rock samples from the deposits have been investigated for major, trace, and rare-earth elements (REE) to evaluate the element mobility and mass transfer during fluid–rock interactions.     

Mineral composite assessment of Kelkit River Basin in Turkey by means of remote sensing

Utilizing remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) tools, mineral composite characteristics (ferrous minerals (FM), iron oxide (IO), and clay minerals (CM)) of the Kelkit River Basin (15913.07 km²) in Turkey were investigated and mapped. Mineral composite (MC) index maps were produced from three LANDSAT-ETM+ satellite images taken in 2000. Resulting MC index maps were summarized in nine classes by using ‘natural breaks’ classification method in GIS. Employing bi-variety correlation analysis, relationships among index maps were investigated. According to the results, FM and IO index maps showed positive correlation, while CM index map is negatively correlated with FM and IO index maps. Negative correlations between iron and clay variables suggested that the dominant clay minerals of the study area might be smectite, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite, which have little or no iron content. Using field data for which their geographic coordinates had been determined by global positioning system (GPS), developed MC maps were verified, and found dependable for environmental and ecological modeling studies.