Geostatistical coal quality control in longwall mining

The coal quality is an important aspect of coal mine planning. This paper presents a case study in which an underground coal mine is faced with severe penalty cost because it does not consider in situ coal quality control at all. To help short term planning of the coal production the mean calorific values of the blocks inside the production panels are estimated by kriging. The estimated calorific values are compared with those obtained from actual production. The ratio of the calorific values of actual production to estimated values is found to be 0.73 in average due to adverse effect of dilution on the quality of run-of-mine coal. This study reveals the importance of geostatistical block modelling in short term mine planning.     

Changes of landscape structure in Estonia during the Soviet period

The development of land-use structure during the Soviet period (1940–1991) has been analyzed. The main trends in land-use dynamics have been a decrease in the percentage of agricultural land and an increase in the share of forests. The most important driving factors of such a shift have been the land reforms of 1940, 1949 (collectivization followed by deportations), and 1989; and urbanization and concentration of agricultural production. Changes in land-use structure on the county level reflect well the socio-economic and political changes in Estonian society. An especially significant decrease in agricultural lands took place during the first ten years of collectivization. In coastal areas it has been combined with state political activities. Natural conditions also play an important role, particularly in local changes of land-use structure. The concentration of agricultural production, which is greater in the eastern part of Estonia (Upper Estonia), has caused many environmental problems. Likewise, land amelioration is one of the reasons for environmental disturbances. It has shifted agricultural activities from former arable lands to marginal areas (natural grasslands, wetlands). That is one of the reasons for nutrient cycling disturbances in agricultural landscapes. Despite many disturbances, Estonia has a well- developed network of ecologically compensating areas consisting of nature protection areas, forests, wetlands, and coastal waters. It is important to maintain this ecological network during privatization.     

Analyse von Echogrammen zur Ermittlung der wahren Profile von SanddÜnen am Boden der Nordsee

Zusammenfassung Es werden Überlegungen angestellt, in welchen Fällen es erlaubt ist, die in den Echogrammen aufgezeichneten Profile von unterseeischen SanddÜnen ohne Entzerrung auszuwerten, und in welchen Fällen das nicht erfolgen darf. Die EinflÜsse des mit der Tiefe veränderlichen Durchmessers des Wirkbereiches einer Echolot-Anlage und der Echolänge auf die echographische Aufzeichnung und Auswertung werden diskutiert. Die Berechnung des Wirkbereichsdurchmessers und die Zeichnung der Schallschwingerkennlinie ist Voraussetzung fÜr die Beurteilung der Frage der Abbildungstreue; beides wird an Hand eines praktisch gewonnenen Echogramms fÜr ein Profil durchgefÜhrt. Aus bestimmten Formen der geschriebenen Profile und den Echolängen wird geschlossen, daß den Großrippeln gelegentlich Kleinrippeln Überlagert sind. HierfÜr wird ein Echogramm aus jÜngerer Zeit als Beweismittel gezeigt und diskutiert; die Grenzen der Auflösung zur Erfassung derartiger Kleinrippeln können aus den physikalischen Daten der Echolot-Anlage und den jeweils vorliegenden Tiefenverhältnissen berechnet werden.

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Analysis of echograms made with a view to reveal the true profiles of sand dunes on the bottom of the North Sea

Summary The question is considered which cases may and which may not allow to utilize the echo records of profiles of submarine sand dunes without slope corrections. The influences are discussed the diameter of the effective range of an echo sounding equipment and the echo lengths exert on the echograms and, hence, on their evaluation, bearing in mind that the diameter of the effective range varies with the depth. If the trueness to nature of the echograms is to be judged it is indispensable to calculate the diameters of the cross-sections and to plot the characteristic of the cone; both these operations are explained with the aid of an echogram of a submarine profile. From certain forms of the recorded profiles and from the echo lengths it is concluded that small ripples are sometimes superimposed upon great ripples. An echo record of recent date which is discussed here gives evidence of this kind of superposition. The limits of resolution which may still allow to recognize this kind of small ripples can be calculated from the physical data of the echosounding equipment and from local depths conditions.

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Analyse d'échogrammes de sondeurs ultra-sonores faite pour révéler les vrais profils de dunes de sable sur le fond de la mer du Nord

Résumé On examine les circonstances dans lesquelles il est permis ou non d'exploiter les enregistrements d'écho des profils de dunes sousmarines sans corriger l'erreur de pente. On expose les influences que le diamètre du champ d'opération d'un sondeur ultra-sonore et la longueur d'écho exercent sur les enregistrements d'écho et, par conséquent, sur leur interprétation. (Il est peut-Être à propos de rappeler ici que le diamètre du champ d'opération de l'instrument varie avec la profondeur.) Si l'on veut juger jusqu'à quel degré les enregistrements d'échos s'accordent avec les profils actuels sousmarins il est indispensable de calculer le diamètre du champ d'opération et de tracer la caractéristique du cÔne des ondes sonores; l'exécution de ces deux opérations est démontrée à l'aide de l'enregistrement d'un profil sousmarin. Certaines formes des profils enregistrés et les longueurs d'écho nous permettent d'en tirer la déduction que de petites rides souvent superposent les grandes rides. Un récent graphique d'échos exposé dans ce travail fait preuve de la présence de ce type de superposition. Les limites de la résolution qui permettent encore de reconnaÎtre ces petites rides peuvent Être calculées des données physiques du sondeur ultra-sonore et des profondeurs locales.

     

3S技术在石狮市“两违”执法中的应用实践

随着城市建设和发展,违法用地和违法建设现象愈演愈烈,制止“两违”是一项长期复杂的工作。一直以来,“两违”执法程序烦琐,缺乏有效的技术手段,无法及时发现和制止违法行为。利用遥感(RS)技术可以实时监测土地违法现象,结合地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)技术构建“两违”执法管理平台,能准确快速地定位“两违”图斑并指导现场执法巡查。本文以石狮市为例,研究了3S(RS、GIS、GPS,遥感(Rernote Sensing,RS)、地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)、全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS))技术在“两违”执法工作中的实践应用。结果表明,“3S”技术可以全面及时地发现土地违法行为,极大地提高执法效率。     

Graphical determination of the height of surge waves

This study deals with the propagation of surge waves in open channels. The governing equations are derived for an arbitrary cross-section and specific solutions are given for rectangular, parabolic, and trapezoidal cross-sections. The method can be applied in each case, where the relation between the level and the area is known in advance. The hypotheses are the same as in classical treatises of surge waves, but the derived equations in dimensionless parameters show the possibility of plotting graphs for the given profile, which allows the finding of the solution in each case without a trial-and-error procedure, as with the classical method.The same equations show that (a) in the case of positive waves generated at the upstream side of a channel, two of the three defined parameters can have any prescribed value and the third can readily be found; (b) in the case of positive waves generated at the downstream end, an inequality must hold in order that the third parameter has a physical interpretation.     

基于力链的岩石单齿截割特性研究及截割力预测

截齿是煤矿采掘机械上截割工作的主要承载对象,其与工作面的截割力预测对减小截齿磨损十分重要。利用颗粒流仿真软件PFC2D将被截割岩石作为颗粒物质进行单齿截割模拟仿真,通过研究截割时颗粒间力链的特性探讨了单齿截割岩石时接触状态对截割力的影响。利用单齿截割岩石试验台进行了截割力试验,获得了截割法向力和切向力随截割参数的变化规律及掉落碎片的特征。研究结果表明,单齿截割岩石颗粒物质的力链数目与力链长度的关系符合单轴压缩试验结果,能够采用离散元的方法对截齿截割状态进行模拟。力链网络沿着点接触方向扩散并延长,力链方向与截割角度有关,平均法向力方向呈“花生”状,切向力方向呈“花瓣”状。力链数目随截割角度的减小和截割深度的增加而减少,力链长度随截割距离的增加而增加,最大平均长度为8个颗粒尺寸。当截割角度较大时,较为容易形成力链。单齿截割天然砂岩法向力和切向力随截割角度的增加和截割深度的减小而减小。截割碎片尺寸与截割切向力线性拟合度为0.87。基于力链长度的截割力预测模型相比Evans预测模型法向力精度提高了17.6%,切向力精度提高了16.9%。研究结果能够为截齿和采掘机械截割系统的设计以及截割工艺的优化奠定一定的研究基础。     

基于CT图像的花岗岩矿物组分与细观结构分析

获取准确的岩石矿物组分与细观结构特征,对从细观层面认识岩石宏观力学性质具有重要意义。CT扫描技术是研究岩石矿物细观结构的有力工具。本文采用高分辨率三维CT扫描系统,获得了花岗岩CT扫描图像;采用阈值分割的方法,综合X射线衍射试验结果确定合理的分割阈值,实现了对花岗岩CT灰度图像的三值化分析;最终获得了花岗岩的主要矿物含量与细观结构特征。研究结果表明:选择合理的分割阈值,可实现花岗岩主要矿物石英、长石、云母的自动识别和定量分析;基于三维重构模型,可获得不同矿物的形状、粒径和空间分布特征。本文方法对定量测试岩石矿物组分和认识其细观结构具有一定的参考意义和价值。     

湿化膨胀与掺砂率对混合型缓冲材料THM耦合过程的影响分析

加入辅助骨料后的混合型缓冲材料在保留了材料密封和防渗能力的同时,克服了纯膨润土导热系数低、施工性差的缺点,作为高放废物处置库缓冲材料的备选材料正在成为新的研究热点。基于室内试验数据,以多孔介质非饱和渗流理论为基础,考虑了膨润土湿化膨胀及密度、饱和度、导热系数等材料物理性质参数的实时变化,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了包含一条巷道及单个井孔的3D网格模型,计算模拟了100 a间屏障系统中膨润土-石英砂混合型缓冲材料的THM多场耦合演化过程,分析了各物理量的时间演化及空间分布规律,并通过不同工况分析了材料湿化膨胀以及掺砂率对屏障系统演化过程的影响。系统中材料温度、饱和度与距固化体、岩壁的距离呈相关性,应力整体以受压为主,变形呈先压缩后膨胀的趋势。其中,膨润土基材料的湿化膨胀作用对温度演化的影响很小,但会略微加速饱和进程,并使材料的应力-应变出现明显的时间演化及区域分布差异。井孔和巷道中靠近岩壁区域的应力上升较快,并且在巷道底板与井孔交界处出现了显著的竖向位移。提高掺量可以有效降低罐体表面温度,增强屏障系统散热能力,降低缓冲材料的历史最大应力,有效控制井孔轴线上的竖向位移,但也会削弱系统的防渗能力。     

Improvement of an Extremely Highly Plastic Expansive Clay with Hydrated Lime and Fly Ash

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In this study, extremely highly plastic soil samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenbo?a...