A field-based population model for the sediment toxicity test organism Leptocheirus plumulosus: I. Model development

We describe the development of a stage-structured population matrix model for the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus, a sediment toxicity test organism, based on regular sampling of a natural population for approximately 2 years. Annual population dynamics were characterized by abundance peaks in the spring and fall, and low densities in the summer and winter. We use a sequence of seasonal projection matrices to capture these qualitative patterns in population dynamics. We compare two methods for estimating transition probabilities: multiple regression and truncated singular value decomposition (SVD). Overall, SVD gave more realistic parameter estimates than regression, although fecundity estimation was problematic. There were predictable trends in growth, survival and fecundity within years. The SVD-derived model provides a framework for assessing the population-level effects of contaminants on Leptocheirus.     

土地利用与土地覆盖变化

文章概要介绍国际地圈－生物圈计划的核心计划之一－土地利用与土地覆盖变化的科学计划。阐述了该计划的形成历史，科学目标以及主要研究内容，指出ＬＵＣＣ研究目的是改善对全球土地利用和土地覆盖变化动态过程的认识，以着重提高替土地覆盖变化的能力。     

Mass and flux distributions from DNAPL zones in sandy aquifers

At three industrial sites in Ontario, New Hampshire, and Florida, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), released decades ago as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), now form persistent source zones for dissolved contaminant plumes. These zones are suspended below the water table and above the bottoms of their respective, moderately homogeneous, unconfined sandy aquifers. Exceptionally detailed, depth-discrete, ground water sampling was performed using a direct-push sampler along cross sections of the dissolved-phase plumes, immediately downgradient of these DNAPL source zones. The total plume PCE or TCE mass-discharge through each cross section ranged between 15 and 31 kg/year. Vertical ground water sample spacing as small as 15 cm and lateral spacing typically between 1 and 3 m revealed small zones where maximum concentrations were between 1% and 61% of solubility. These local maxima are surrounded by much lower concentration zones. A spacing no larger than 15 to 30 cm was needed at some locations to identify high concentration zones, and aqueous VOC concentrations varied as much as four orders of magnitude across 30 cm vertical intervals. High-resolution sampling at these sites showed that three-quarters of the mass-discharge occurs within 5% to 10% of the plume cross sectional areas. The extreme spatial variability of the mass-discharge occurs even though the sand aquifers are nearly hydraulically homogeneous. Depth-discrete field techniques such as those used in this study are essential for finding the small zones producing most of the mass-discharge, which is important for assessing natural attenuation and designing remedial options.     

菱刈矿床矿化作用及成因的有关资料

<正>1 矿脉氧同位素的变化 从脉体边部向中心δ~(18)O值呈逐渐下降的趋势。如在菱泉2号脉45mLE28位置上,边部的早期脉δ~(18)O值为+13.8‰;中部的后期脉δ~(18)O值为-6.6‰;在大泉2号脉70mLE15.05W位置上,从脉体边部向中心,δ~(18)O值的变化为8.5→9.8→6.5→6.3(‰)。在其它地方也有大致相同的变化趋势(为石英、冰长石的有关资料)。方解石的δ~(18)O为8.9‰,值比较高,但是只有一个样品。     

从周边国家银矿床地质特征探讨中国银矿找矿前景

中国周边国家银(含银)矿床主要分布于原苏联、蒙古、日本、朝鲜、菲律宾、缅甸、印尼等国家。有5种类型银(含银)矿床可与中国相应地区银(含银)矿床进行类比,即①陆边缘带陆相火山岩型(金-)银(-多金属)矿床;②火山(-次火山)热液型含银黄铁矿型铜或多金属矿床;③斑岩型银或含银金-铜(铅-锌-锡)矿床;④变质热液交代型金-银矿床(穆龙套型)或银-铅-锌矿床;⑤矽卡岩型含银磁铁矿或多金属矿床。并提出我国相应地区银矿找矿前景。     

在变化的世界中生存——《美国地质调查局2000—2005战略计划》分析

为更灵活地迎接21世纪的机遇与挑战,美国地调局制订了2000-2005财年战略计划。在该计划中美国地调局将自身定位为一个对美国自然资源(土地、水及生物资源)进行研究、监测和评价的科学机构.战略计划确定的两大任务目标是(1)自然灾害研究和(2)环境与自然资源研究.从这个战略计划中我们可以看出:科学研究的重点已从对自然现象的简单认识转向了灾害、环境和自然资源这些与人类生存息息相关的问题;地质学的研究范围已从地表之下的岩石圈扩大到整个生物圈,与其他学科的关联更加密切,地质学正成为一门更加实用的科学;为客户服务已成为科学研究的首要目的,客户的需求决定了我们研究的方向;科学成果的完成需要更广泛的合作;新技术的应用是目标实现的保证.     

俄罗斯远东碱性-超基性杂岩体矿化作用

碱性-超基性杂岩体主要分布于俄罗斯东部稳定地质构造中,并经历了中生代-新生代的构造-岩浆作用.这些杂岩体局限于长期活动的深断裂带中.一些岩体由多期岩浆岩组成,并逐渐形成岩浆源构造(为1500~1000Ma).在该构造中,于前寒武纪或古生代形成的超镁铁质核被新生代或中生代碱性岩、花岗岩类和二长岩所穿切.碱性-超镁铁质岩体具有完好的同心带状构造,由不含黄长石的钙-碱性至碱性岩组成(作为一种规律).碱性-超镁铁质火山岩和侵入岩由碱性苦橄岩、黄橄玄霞岩、金伯利岩和超基性似长岩、玄武角闪岩及霞岩组成.