长薄鳅耗氧率与窒息点的研究

太湖位于太湖流域中央,对汛情起着控制作用,通过分析近４０年来太湖流域梅雨期,太湖水位,环太湖进出水量的时空分布,得出梅雨决定太湖主汛期,东太湖泄洪能力降低,围湖减少蓄水,淤滩影响泄洪,太浦河．望虞河通而不畅的现实是太湖汛期水们居高不下的重要原因,提出预降太湖水位,加快工程建设,加强工程管理是太湖安全渡汛的主要措施。     

大口鲇幼鱼摄食、生长及驯化的初步研究

根据1991年1～12月的调查,陆水水库的浮游植物共8门118属,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻门的种类为主,占总属数的86.44％;浮游动物198种,其中原生动物38种、轮虫68种、枝角类61种、桡足类31种。浮游植物年平均数量和生物量分别为3.1449×10~6cell/L和1.937mg/L,数量以蓝藻、隐藻、硅藻最多,占总数量的91.33％,生物量以隐藻、硅藻、绿藻最大,占总生物量的85.03％,浮游植物初级毛产量为3.4gO_2/m~2·d。浮游动物年平均数量和生物量分别为2323.8ind/L和1.4837mg/L,数量以原生动物和轮虫最多,占96.89％,生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,占79.94％.陆水水库浮游生物种类组成和现存量在不同的水域差异较大,季节变化明显。按水化学分析结果及浮游生物特征判定,陆水水库的营养类型为中营养型。还讨论了环境因子对水库浮游生物的影响。     

Statistics for sample splitting for the calibration and validation of hydrological models

Hydrological models have been widely applied in flood forecasting, water resource management and other environmental sciences. Most hydrological models calibrate and validate parameters with available records. However, the first step of hydrological simulation is always to quantitatively and objectively split samples for use in calibration and validation. In this paper, we have proposed a framework to address this issue through a combination of a hierarchical scheme through trial and error method, for systematic testing of hydrological models, and hypothesis testing to check the statistical significance of goodness-of-fit indices. That is, the framework evaluates the performance of a hydrological model using sample splitting for calibration and validation, and assesses the statistical significance of the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index (E_f), which is commonly used to assess the performance of hydrological models. The sample splitting scheme used is judged as acceptable if the E_f values exceed the threshold of hypothesis testing. According to the requirements of the hierarchical scheme for systematic testing of hydrological models, cross calibration and validation will help to increase the reliability of the splitting scheme, and reduce the effective range of sample sizes for both calibration and validation. It is illustrated that the threshold of E_f is dependent on the significance level, evaluation criteria (both regarded as the population), distribution type, and sample size. The performance rating of E_f is largely dependent on the evaluation criteria. Three types of distributions, which are based on an approximately standard normal distribution, a Chi square distribution, and a bootstrap method, are used to investigate their effects on the thresholds, with two commonly used significance levels. The highest threshold is from the bootstrap method, the middle one is from the approximately standard normal distribution, and the lowest is from the Chi square distribution. It was found that the smaller the sample size, the higher the threshold values are. Sample splitting was improved by providing more records. In addition, outliers with a large bias between the simulation and the observation can affect the sample values of E_f, and hence the output of the sample splitting scheme. Physical hydrology processes and the purpose of the model should be carefully considered when assessing outliers. The proposed framework in this paper cannot guarantee the best splitting scheme, but the results show the necessary conditions for splitting schemes to calibrate and validate hydrological models from a statistical point of view.     

2019年6月17日四川长宁M6.0地震的快速测定与数据产品产出

2019年6月17日22时55分(北京时间),四川宜宾市长宁县发生了M6.0地震。中国地震台网中心用时10min发布正式速报结果,并开展余震监测和统计。同时,中国地震台网中心联合各有关单位,对台网数据进行分析处理,产出10类19种数据产品。产品结果显示:四川长宁M6.0地震极震区烈度达Ⅶ度,为一次逆冲型为主的事件,余震呈NWW向展布。据主震和余震分布方向,由区域地震构造图可初步推测,发震断层为NW向隐伏断层。     

Eutrophication control decision making using EFDC model for Shenzhen Reservoir,China

The three-dimensional hydrodynamic and eutrophication model was implemented based on EFDC to help eutrophication control decision making of Shenzhen Reservoir. Model calibration and validation were conducted with two set of independent observed data in 2009 and 2010–2011. The model represented the hydrodynamic process and the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality well. Subsequently, three eutrophication control scenarios were configured, included removing 100% nutrients from all tributaries, increasing by 50% of water flows, and removing 50% nutrients from Dongjiang. As results shown, the maximum chlorophyll-a concentrations were decreased by 1, 16.4 and 46.3%, the average chlorophyll-a concentrations were decreased by 1.3, 29.8 and 29.9%. Increasing water flows and removing nutrients from Dongjiang can significantly improve water quality and effectively reduce risk of water bloom.     

Wind tunnel tests of the dynamic processes that control wind erosion of a sand bed

Aeolian sand transport is a complicated process that is affected by many factors (e.g. wind velocity, sand particle size, surface microtopography). Under different experimental conditions, erosion processes will therefore produce different results. In this study, we conducted a series of wind tunnel experiments across a range of wind velocities capable of entraining sand particles (8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 14.0 m s^-1) to study the dynamic changes of the shear velocity, aerodynamic roughness length, and sand transport. We found that the shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length are not constant; rather, they change dynamically over time, and the rules that describe their changes depend on the free-stream air velocity. For wind tunnel experiments without feeding sand into the airflow, the sand bed elevation decreases with increasing erosion time, and this change significantly affected the values of shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length. A Gaussian distribution function described the relationships between the sand transport rate (q_T) and the duration of wind erosion (T). It is therefore necessary for modelers to consider both deflation of the bed and the time scale used when calculating sand transport or erosion rates. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying the carbon source of pedogenic calcite veins in weathered limestone: implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle

The continent is the second largest carbon sink on Earth’s surface.With the diversification of vascular land plants in the late Paleozoic,terrestrial organic carbon burial is represented by massive coal formation,while the development of soil profiles would account for both organic and inorganic carbon burial.As compared with soil organic carbon,inorganic carbon burial,collectively known as the soil carbonate,would have a greater impact on the long-term carbon cycle.Soil carbonate would have multiple carbon sources,including dissolution of host calcareous rocks,dissolved inorganic carbon from freshwater,and oxidation of organic matter,but the host calcareous rock dissolution would not cause atmospheric CO2drawdown.Thus,to evaluate the potential effect of soil carbonate formation on the atmospheric p CO2level,different carbon sources of soil carbonate should be quantitatively differentiated.In this study,we analyzed the carbon and magnesium isotopes of pedogenic calcite veins developed in a heavily weathered outcrop,consisting of limestone of the early Paleogene Guanzhuang Group in North China.Based on the C and Mg isotope data,we developed a numerical model to quantify the carbon source of calcite veins.The modeling results indicate that4–37 wt%of carbon in these calcite veins was derived from atmospheric CO2.The low contribution from atmospheric CO2might be attributed to the host limestone that might have diluted the atmospheric CO2sink.Nevertheless,taking this value into consideration,it is estimated that soil carbonate formation would lower 1 ppm atmospheric CO2within 2000 years,i.e.,soil carbonate alone would sequester all atmospheric CO2within 1 million years.Finally,our study suggests the C–Mg isotope system might be a better tool in quantifying the carbon source of soil carbonate.     

基于真实情境的高三主题式教学探析

Zou Dingqin;Mei Guohong     

土壤风蚀野外测量技术研究进展

野外测量是使用最早、应用最广的土壤风蚀研究方法。经过几十年的努力,国内外学者已开发出一系列土壤风蚀野外测量仪器与技术。由于没有制定统一的标准,目前世界各国使用的野外测量仪器和技术并不相同,这给研究结果的比较与集成造成一定困难,不利于交流与合作。基于此,本文对国内外土壤风蚀野外测量技术进行了全面梳理,归纳了土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展历史,并从风蚀影响因子测量、风蚀物收集和风蚀量确定3方面详细介绍了土壤风蚀野外测量技术的研究进展,比较了不同类型仪器与方法的优缺点,指出目前一些被广泛采用的技术手段,并对今后土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为中国土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展提供参考。     

热力学效应及斯托克斯漂流对混合层影响的研究

本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中,经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明,斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能,加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果,但与观测数据相比,将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明,将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合,可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季,海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季,海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响,并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。