柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候演变过程: 来自化学风化特征的证据

柴达木盆地侏罗系陆相地层记录了该时期一系列重大的构造-气候-环境耦合演化事件,然而针对该套地层的古气 候、古风化作用等方面研究还很薄弱。为了恢复柴达木盆地侏罗纪时期的古气候和古环境特征,文章研究对柴北缘大煤沟侏 罗系标准剖面的沉积岩样品开展了全岩主、微量元素测试,综合采用多种化学风化指数判定柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候条件及 演变过程。元素比值(Rb/Sr、K/Na、Na/Al 和Na/Ti)和化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA 和ICV)均显示,柴达木盆地侏罗纪化学风 化过程和古气候演化过程可划分为4 个阶段：早侏罗世早-中期和中侏罗世中期,化学风化作用强烈,古气候处于温带-亚热 带温暖、潮湿气候条件;早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世,受到区域降水减少影响,盆地化学风化作用显著减弱,整体 处于干旱、半干旱环境。以上结果与前人基于沉积物和植物群面貌研究得出的古气候变化过程相吻合,为盆地及区域陆相侏 罗纪古气候研究提供了相对完整而连续的地球化学证据和参考。     

柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候演变过程：来自化学风化特征的证据

柴达木盆地侏罗系陆相地层记录了该时期一系列重大的构造—气候—环境耦合演化事件，然而针对该套地层的古气 候、古风化作用等方面研究还很薄弱。为了恢复柴达木盆地侏罗纪时期的古气候和古环境特征，文章研究对柴北缘大煤沟侏 罗系标准剖面的沉积岩样品开展了全岩主、微量元素测试，综合采用多种化学风化指数判定柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候条件及 演变过程。元素比值(Rb/Sr、K/Na、Na/Al 和Na/Ti)和化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA 和ICV)均显示，柴达木盆地侏罗纪化学风 化过程和古气候演化过程可划分为4 个阶段：早侏罗世早—中期和中侏罗世中期，化学风化作用强烈，古气候处于温带—亚热 带温暖、潮湿气候条件；早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世，受到区域降水减少影响，盆地化学风化作用显著减弱，整体 处于干旱、半干旱环境。以上结果与前人基于沉积物和植物群面貌研究得出的古气候变化过程相吻合，为盆地及区域陆相侏 罗纪古气候研究提供了相对完整而连续的地球化学证据和参考。     

GPR在地下管线探测中的应用

论述了GPR探测地下管线的原理以及工程介质中电磁波的传播规律,结合工程实例,分析了地下管线在GPR图像上的基本特征,总结了GPR方法探测地下管线的一些关键.     

Multiple Dolomitization and Fluid Flow Events in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China

The Precambrian Dengying Formation is a set of large-scale, extensively dolomitized, carbonate reservoirs occurring within the Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical studies reveal dolomitization was a direct result of precipitation by chemically distinct fluids occurring at different times and at different intensities. Based on this evidence, dolomitization and multiple fluid flow events are analyzed, and three types of fluid evolution models are proposed. Results of analysis show that Precambrian Dengying Formation carbonates were deposited in a restricted peritidal environment(630–542 Ma). A high temperature and high Mg~(2+) concentration seawater was a direct result of dolomitization for the micrite matrix, and for fibrous aragonite in primary pores. Geochemical evidence shows low δ~(18)O values of micritic dolomite varying from-1.29‰ to-4.52‰ PDB, abundant light rare earth elements(REEs), and low dolomite order degrees. Microbes and meteoric water significantly altered dolomite original chemical signatures, resulting in algal micritic dolomite and the fine-grained, granular, dolosparite dolomite having very negative δ~(18)O values. Finely crystalline cement dolomite(536.3–280 Ma) and coarsely crystalline cement dolomite have a higher crystallization degree and higher order degree. The diagenetic sequence and fluid inclusion evidence imply a linear correlation between their burial depth and homogenization temperatures, which closely resemble the temperature of generated hydrocarbon. Compared with finely crystalline dolomite, precipitation of coarsely crystalline dolomite was more affected by restricted basinal fluids. In addition, there is a trend toward a more negative δ~(18)O value, higher salinity, higher Fe and Mn concentrations, REE-rich. Two periods of hydrothermal fluids are identified, as the exceptionally high temperatures as opposed to the temperatures of burial history, in addition to the presence of high salinity fluid inclusions. The early hydrothermal fluid flow event was characterized by hot magnesium-and silicon-rich fluids, as demonstrated by the recrystallized matrix dolomite that is intimately associated with flint, opal, and microcrystalline quartz in intergranular or intercrystalline pores. This event was likely the result of a seafloor hydrothermal chimney eruption during Episode I of the Tongwan Movement(536.3±5.5 Ma). In contrast, later hydrothermal fluids, which caused precipitation of saddle dolomite, were characterized by high salinity(15–16.05 wt% NaCl equivalent) and homogenization temperatures(250 to 265°C), δ~(18)O values that were more enriched, and REE signatures. Geochemical data and the paragenetic sequence indicate that this hydrothermal fluid was related to extensive Permian large igneous province activity(360–280 Ma). This study demonstrates the presence of complicated dolomitization processes occurring during various paleoclimates, tectonic cycles, and basinal fluids flow; results are a useful reference for these dolomitized Precambrian carbonates reservoirs.     

高寒内流区极端降水的气候变化特征分析

利用中国气象局1969—2017年高寒内流区25个气象站的日降水资料,分析极端降水的变化特征,结果表明：1969—2017年高寒内流区降水量呈上升趋势,这种上升很大程度上可能是由于夏季降水量增加导致的,且20世纪90年代以后降水量增加趋势更加明显。极端降水指数除连续干旱日数外,均呈不同程度的增加趋势,其年际变化反映出在进入21世纪后高寒内流区降水向强降水量和日数更多、强度更强、极值更大的方向发展。极端降水指数空间差异性明显,连续湿润日数、雨日降水总量、雨日降水强度、单日最大降水量、五日最大降水量、极端降水量和日降水大于10 mm日数表现显著增加趋势的台站百分率分别为5%、64%、42%、60%、32%、35%和43%,连续干旱日数表现显著下降趋势的台站百分率为5%。极端降水事件具有一致性,总降水量增加,极端降水的频率、强度、极值也增加,小雨日数增加是降水总量增加的因素之一。极端降水增湿幅度有随海拔升高有增大趋势,高海拔区雨日降水量和雨日天数的增加是极端降水总量增加的主要因素。     

地震监测气氡仪响应能力实验

对地震氡观测台网“十五”设备SD-3A测氡仪和新入台网的BG2015-R测氡仪进行了氡值响应能力和断电恢复实验,结果表明:当被检测氡仪输入低、高氡浓度气体样本时,达到目标浓度60%和90%的响应时间在10分钟和60分钟以内;当被检测氡仪处于高浓度时,输入空气样本,高浓度降低60%和90%的响应时间在20分钟和120分钟以内;断电对测氡仪日常监测应该没有影响。实验结果对建立地震观测需要的测氡仪性能检测指标具有很好的参考价值。     

Investigation of soil water hydrological process in the permafrost active layer using stable isotopes

Here, we studied the isotope characteristics and source contributions of soil water in the permafrost active layer by collecting soil samples in July 2018 in Yangtze River basin. Soil moisture and temperature showed decreasing trends from 0–80 cm, and an increasing trend from 80–100 cm. The value of δ¹⁸O and δD first increased and then decreased in the soil profile of 0–100 cm; however, d-excess increased from 0–100 cm. δ¹⁸O values became gradually positive from the southwest to northeast of the study area, while d-excess gradually increased from southeast to northwest. The evaporation water line (EL) was δD = 7.56 δ¹⁸O + 1.50 (R² = 0.90, p < 0.01, n = 96). Due to intense solar radiation and evaporation on the Tibetan Plateau, the elevation did not impact the surface soil. The altitude effect of the soil depths of 0–20 cm was not obvious, but the other soil layers had a significant altitude effect. Soil moisture and temperature were closely related to the stable isotopic composition of soil water. The contribution of precipitation to soil water on the sunny slope was 86%, while the contribution of the shady slope was 84%. However, the contribution of ground ice to soil water on sunny slope was 14% and the shady slope was 16%. The contribution of ground ice to soil water increased with increasing altitude on the sunny slope, but the contribution of ground ice to soil water had no obvious trend on the shady slope.     

Spatial distribution and temporal trends in potential evapotranspiration over Hengduan Mountains region from 1960 to 2009

Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961-2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the annual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of -0.17 mm a-1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.     

柴达木盆地东部燕山期剥蚀量恢复:来自地球物理和低温热年代学的证据

依据地面地质调查分析了柴达木盆地东部主要不整合面的接触关系和发育特征,并利用古温标(镜质体反射率(R_o)、磷灰石裂变径迹)反演和地震地层趋势延伸法对柴达木盆地东部燕山期剥蚀量进行了恢复。结果表明,研究区东部旺尕秀、牦牛山一带晚燕山期剥蚀量为500~2 300 m,研究区南缘格尔木、大干沟、纳赤台一带剥蚀厚度最高达2 000 m,研究区北缘绿梁山、大柴旦一带增大到平均1 750 m,至柴东欧南凹陷、霍布逊凹陷逐渐减小到平均700 m。该区剥蚀厚度表现出由周缘老山向坳陷中心逐步减小的趋势,并呈现出“东西分块、南北分带”的特征。柴达木盆地东部燕山运动发生的时间为87~62 Ma,该时期研究区整体处于SE-NW向弱挤压的环境,与早白垩世末冈底斯—念青唐古拉地块群和欧亚大陆拼合有关,导致柴达木盆地东部差异隆升,形成现今欧龙布鲁克隆起带的雏形,并进一步控制该区油气的富集,一方面是造成局部地区地层剥蚀严重,油气散失;另一方面是因构造挤压,在覆盖区挤压拗陷,主力烃源岩进一步深埋,该区侏罗系烃源岩进一步成熟生烃,下伏石炭系烃源岩经历二次生烃;同时在挤压环境下形成一系列的近EW向的圈闭,有利油气的调整、聚集。     

1960-2012年祁连山东段古浪河流域极端气候事件研究

全球变暖引发极端气候事件频发、加剧,是干旱区研究关注的热点科学和社会问题。通过分析祁连山东段古浪河流域1960-2012年日气温、降水数据,研究表明：古浪河流域升温显著,作物生长期、夏日高温日数和热持续日数均在频次和幅度上显著增加,显示出对全球变暖的良好响应。降水存在准3年和准8年的高频波动特征,强降水对年降水影响日趋显著,普通日降水强度则反映出区域差异性,持续干燥日数显示本区呈现湿润化。上述认识可为古浪河流域水资源研究及生态服务提供科技支撑。