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Atmospheric frontal gravity waves observed in satellite SAR images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea

In the satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea, the authors observe sea surface imprints of wave-like patterns with an average wavelength of 3.8 km. Comparing SAR observations with sea surface wind fields and surface weather maps, the authors find that the occurrence of the wave-like phenomena is associated with the passing of atmospheric front. The authors define the waves as atmospheric frontal gravity waves. The dynamical parameters of the wave packets are derived from statistics of 9 satellite SAR images obtained from 2002 to 2008. A two-dimensional linear physical wave model is used to analyze the generation mechanism of the waves. The atmospheric frontal wave induced wind variation across the frontal wave packet is compared with wind retrievals from the SAR images. The CMOD-5 (C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function) is used for SAR wind retrievals VV (transmitted vertical and received vertical) for ENVISAT and HH (transmitted horizontally and received horizontally) for RADARSAT-1. A reasonable agreement between the analytical solution and the SAR observation is reached. This new SAR frontal wave observation adds to the school of SAR observations of sea surface imprints of AGWs including island lee waves, coastal lee waves, and upstream Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGW).     

岱衢洋鱼类索饵场仔稚鱼的生态位及其分化研究

为掌握重要鱼类索饵场仔稚鱼的生态分布,促进海洋渔业的发展,文章基于2011—2012年岱衢洋海域4个航次的定量采样,运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠和典范对应分析等方法,分析该海域仔稚鱼群落与海水环境因子的关系。研究结果表明：岱衢洋海域仔稚鱼的生态位宽度可分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位,其中广生态位种对资源环境的适应能力强且分布范围较广,而窄生态位种对资源环境的适应能力较弱且分布不均匀;生态位宽度与相对重要性指数呈极显著的正相关关系;仔稚鱼群落生态位重叠指数大于0.6的种对占总种对数的24.24%,生态位重叠程度较低;仔稚鱼分布存在明显的生态分化现象,仔稚鱼的生态位特征和生态习性受温度、盐度、悬浮物和叶绿素a等环境因子的影响较大。     

Use of QSAR and SSD methods on deriving predicted no-effect concentrations in seawater and sediment for ten individual parent- and alkyl-PAHs and a case study on the assessment of their ecological risks from the Dalian Bay,China

Parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs), which are a class of important toxic components of crude oil especially in the marine environment, exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life and potentially pose a human health risk. However, the lack of chronic toxicity data is one of the hindrances for alkyl-PAHs when assessing their ecological risks. In this study, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) in seawater and marine sediment for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs were derived by applying species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and quantitative structure?activity relationships (QSARs). The local area, Dalian Bay, where an oil-spilled accident happened in 2010, was chosen as a case site to assess ecological risks for ten PAHs in surface seawaters and marine sediments. Their PNECs in seawater and sediment for protecting aquatic organisms in marine ecosystems were calculated and recommended in the range of 0.012?2.79 μg/L and 48.2?1337 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. Overall, the derived PNECs for the studied PAHs in seawater and marine sediment were comparable to those obtained by classical methods. Risk quotient results indicate low ecological risks to ecosystems for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs in surface seawaters and surface sediments from the Dalian Bay. These findings provide a first insight into the PNECs and ecological risks of alkyl-PAHs, emphasizing the role of the computational toxicology in ecological risk assessments. The use of QSARs has been identified as a valuable tool for preliminarily assessing ecological risks of emerging pollutants, being more predictable of real exposure scenarios for risk assessment purposes.     

Evaluating the performances of accelerated-solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for determining PCBs, HCHs and DDTs in sediments

Three extraction techniques have been recently used for the quantitative extraction of semi-volatile organic pollutants in sediments, i.e. accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). However, their extraction efficiencies have rarely been quantitatively compared using rigorous mathematical methods. In this paper, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to evaluate the performance of ASE, MAE and UAE in the overall extraction of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs by analysis of their recoveries from the Standard Reference Material IAEA-417, a sediment sample certified by many international laboratories. Conclusions were drawn at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. No significant differences were found among the mean values for method recoveries using ASE, MAE and UAE. The mean values for real recoveries using ASE and MAE were nearly identical, but the real recovery using UAE was much lower. The concentrations of all PCBs, DDTs and HCHs except for CB52 and o,p′-DDT using UAE were the lowest. Comparing the results obtained using ASE with MAE, the concentrations of CB28, CB52, CB138, α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD were nearly identical, while the concentrations of other compounds were significantly different. Based on the low recoveries, it was concluded that UAE is a relatively inefficient extraction method, while ASE and MAE are equivalent methods. Taking into consideration the relative standard deviation (RSD) values, solvent volume, extraction time, and purchasing costs of the apparatus, MAE was considered superior to ASE for extraction of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs.     

日本Ms9.0地震前的连续重力观测异常

日本Ms9.0地震后,检测了17台(套)gPhone重力仪和成都GS15连续重力观测仪震前3天的观测数据.发现:乌什、郑州台的gPhone重力仪和成都台的GS15重力仪分钟采样在震前3天出现了不明原因的高频异常现象.初步分析表明,成都、乌什在3月9日的日本Ms7.3地震前的16小时产生了纺锤状的隆起现象;郑州台在日本M...     

利用SG-C053超导重力仪检测智利8.8级地震激发的地球自由震荡

利用SG-CO53超导重力仪的观测资料,研究了2010年2月27日智利Ms8.8地震引发的球形自由振荡0S0-0S48的所有基频振型,检测结果与PREM模型的理论值相比,二者基本相符.     

利用日本9.0级强震检定gPhone重力仪探测地球自由振荡的有效性

利用北京、沈阳、格尔木、乌什等4个台站型gPhone重力仪的观测资料,检测日本9.0级大地震的地球自由振荡,将检测结果与SG以及HB1模型进行对比,结果表明0S0-0S48基频自由振荡的实测周期值与SG以及HBl模型的理论值基本一致,从而证实gPhone重力仪能有效地检测出地球自由振荡信号,同时也从相应高频范围内表明了...     

不同下垫面DTD模型与TSEB模型比较

双源能量平衡模型（Two Source Energy Balance, TSEB）和双温度差模型（Dual Temperature Difference, DTD）目前已应用于不同的下垫面类型和环境条件下地表蒸散发估算研究,但是由于模型构建理论机理的差异,模型表现会随着下垫面类型和环境条件的变化而有所不同。因此,本研究选取了黑河流域高寒草地、半干旱区灌溉农田以及干旱区河岸林3种下垫面类型地面观测数据,系统分析了DTD模型和TSEB模型的适用性以及主要误差来源。结果表明:① 在瞬时尺度上,DTD模型在高寒草地上估算潜热通量的误差较小,其RMSE为62.00 W/m²,而TSEB模型的RMSE为75.49 W/m²,2个模型的精度会随着植被覆盖度的增加而出现差异;在半干旱区灌溉农田区域,2种模型表现较为一致,但是在干旱区河岸林,2种模型都低估了潜热通量,且模型误差较大;② 在日尺度上,DTD模型和TSEB模型的表现与瞬时尺度表现较为一致,同时2种模型拆分的植被蒸腾比与基于uWUE模型（Water Use Efficiency, uWUE）拆分的结果吻合较好,但DTD模型的表现要优于TSEB模型;③ 相比较DTD模型而言,TSEB模型对地表温度输入误差更为敏感。本研究通过对比DTD模型和TSEB模型在不同下垫面和环境条件的表现,为今后模型优化提供了理论依据。