基于秒级探空资料的中国地区浮力频率分布

浮力频率用来描述大气层结稳定性,反映大气扰动强弱。利用2014年6月-2017年5月中国地区高垂直分辨率的秒级探空资料,分析了中国地区浮力频率的时空分布特征。结果表明:中国地区大气浮力频率总体随高度的增加而增大,低平流层值大于对流层值;对流层和低平流层中浮力频率随高度变化均较小可视为常数,过渡层浮力频率随高度变化较大,对流层中浮力频率受地形影响较平流层大。对流层中北方地区5 km高度以下的浮力频率随时间呈现出较弱的周期变化,周期为1年,峰值出现在冬季,南方地区随时间无明显变化;在过渡层中南北地区的浮力频率随时间均呈现出1年的周期变化,峰值出现在冬季,谷值出现在夏季;在低平流层中南北地区浮力频率随时间均无明显变化。浮力频率的大小变化对重力波参数有较大影响,秒级探空资料计算的的浮力频率和风速切变更精细,较常规探空资料更准确地反映大气稳定度的变化。     

Elemental characteristics and paleoenvironment reconstruction: a case study of the Triassic lacustrine Zhangjiatan oil shale,southern Ordos Basin,China

Using trace elements to reconstruct paleoenvironment is a current hot topic in geochemistry. Through analytical tests of oil yield, ash yield, calorific value, total sulfur, major elements, trace elements, and X-ray diffraction, the quality, mineral content, occurrence mode of elements, and paleoenvironment of the Zhangjiatan oil shale of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin were studied. The analyses revealed relatively high oil yield (average 6.63%) and medium quality. The mineral content in the oil shale was mainly clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, and pyrite; an illite–smectite mixed layer comprised the major proportion of clay minerals. Compared with marine oil shale in China, the Zhangjiatan oil shale had higher contents of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals, and lower calcite content. Silica was mainly in quartz and Fe was associated with organic matter, which is different from marine oil shale. The form of calcium varied. Cluster analyses indicated that Fe, Cu, U, V, Zn, As, Cs, Cd, Mo, Ga, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Sc, P, and Mn are associated with organic matter while Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Si, Zr, K, Al, B, Mg, and Ti are mostly terrigenous. Sr/Cu, Ba/Al, V/(V + Ni), U/Th, AU, and δU of oil shale samples suggest the paleoclimate was warm and humid, paleoproductivity of the lake was relatively high during deposition of the shale—which mainly occurred in fresh water—and the paleo-redox condition was dominated by reducing conditions. Fe/Ti ratios of the oil shale samples suggest clear hydrothermal influence in the eastern portion of the study area and less conspicuous hydrothermal influence in the western portion.     

用化石天长计算地球年龄的方法及意义——如何理解地球年龄

天长（一天时长）是地球自转速度的直接反映。古生代-中生代化石记录的天长数据表明,古生代-中生代期间的天长随时间呈线性增加。根据角动量守恒定律,这意味着同时段地球自转速度呈线性衰减。如果把这个趋势应用于地球历史的全过程,计算结果为4.519～4.495 Ga,与目前公认的地球绝对年龄4.54 Ga一致。这意味着,从这个时间点起,地球有一种自转速度衰减的总趋势。地球自转速度衰减年龄等值于地球年龄说明：1）所测量的陨石样本生成的时间（表征地球年龄）与地球受月球吸引形成自转减速的时间几乎相同。这意味着地-月体系形成之前的地球比该陨石表征的地球年龄更为古老。2）地球、月球、自转速度衰减时长,三者的年龄呈现等值状态,因而此结果与月球起源于大碰撞的假说可以匹配。     

聂尔库组植物化石新材料及其地层意义

聂尔库组分布于辽宁东北部新宾县南杂木一带的苏子河盆地,为一套河湖相砂页岩沉积。该组含有较丰富的动、植物化石,但由于系统采集和研究不够,自建组以来,在地层时代和对比方面迄今仍是众说纷云。作者通过系统采集,共获植物亿石12属13种,化石组合面貌与英国威尔登植物群可以比较;与辽西的海州组、辽北—吉中营城组、黑龙江东部的穆棱组植物组合亦很相似,其时代大体相当于早白垩世尼殴克姆晚期。文中对我国首次发现的属种作了描述。     

西藏隆子县恰嘎锑矿4号脉原生晕特征及深部找矿预测

西藏隆子县恰嘎锑矿位于藏南错美-隆子锑金成矿带中东部,该区成矿条件有利,是找锑铅锌的良好靶区。研究表明：①矿体原生晕发育,且分带明显。②结合原生异常分布态势及其与矿体的关系,成晕组分可以分为：前缘元素（Cd、Hg、As）、近矿元素（上部为Pb、Zn,中部为Sb,下部为Cu、Au、Ag）、尾晕元素（Mn、Bi、Mo、W、Sn）。③对该区利用浓集中心法和分带指数法分别求出了相近的分带序列：Pb-Zn-Mn-Bi-Mo-W-Sn-Cd-Hg-As-Sb-Cu-Au-Ag-Ba。④深部找矿方面,矿体很大可能向深部继续延伸或有盲矿体存在,且该矿床为热液型矿床。⑤在原生晕系统研究的基础上构建了深部矿体评价的指标（Cd×Hg×As×Sb）D/（Bi×Mo×W×Sn）D,数据表明该指标随深度的增加有规律地降低,是预测深部矿体资源潜力的有效指标。     

祁连山疏勒河源区冻土退化对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响

对青藏高原东北缘祁连山西段疏勒河源区多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤微生物生物量碳氮分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:稳定型和极不稳定型多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤中微生物量碳含量范围分别为0.015~0.620 g/kg和0.019~0.411 g/kg,微生物量氮含量范围分别为0.644~12.770 mg/kg和0.207~3.725 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出稳定型显著高于极不稳定型多年冻土,表明多年冻土退化（多年冻土由稳定型退化为极不稳定型）对土壤微生物量积累有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳、微生物生物量氮占全氮的比值在稳定型多年冻土中显著高于极不稳定型,表明多年冻土退化对土壤微生物的矿化能力有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物量及其与土壤养分的比值有显著的剖面变化特征,随土壤深度增加而减小。土壤微生物量碳氮均与土壤温度显著负相关,与地下生物量显著正相关。稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与碳氮比正相关、与氧化还原电位负相关;不稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与pH正相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤温度和pH在剖面变化上显著相关。逐步回归分析表明驱动微生物生物量碳氮在不同多年冻土类型和土层之间变化的因子是不同的。     

Simulating and mapping the risk of surge floods in multiple typhoon scenarios: a case study of Yuhuan County,Zhejiang Province,China

We propose a scenario-based method for simulating and mapping the risk of surge floods for use by local authorities concerned with public safety and urban planning in coastal areas. Focusing on the triad of hazard, vulnerability and adaptation capability, we estimate the comprehensive risk and display its spatial distribution using the raster calculation tool in ArcGIS. The detailed methodology is introduced via a case study of Yuhuan, an island county in Zhejiang Province, China, which is frequently affected by typhoon storm surges. First, we designed 24 typhoon scenarios and modeled the flood process in each scenario using the hydrodynamic module of MIKE 21. Second, flood depth and area were used for hazard assessment; an authorized indicator system of land use categories and a survey of emergency shelters were used for vulnerability and adaptation capability assessment, respectively; and a quantified model was used for assessment of the comprehensive risk. Lastly, we used the GIS raster calculation tool for mapping the risk of storm surges in multiple typhoon scenarios. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) Seawalls are more likely to be overtopped or destroyed by more severe storm surges with increasing typhoon intensity. (2) Most of the residential areas with inadequate emergency shelters are highly vulnerable to flood events. (3) As projected in the risk mapping, if an exceptional typhoon with a central pressure of 915 or 925 hPa made a landfall in Yuhuan, a wide range of areas would be flooded and at high risk. (4) Determining optimal strategies based on identification of risk-inducing factors is the most effective way of promoting safe and sustainable development in coastal cities.     

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂成矿物源：来自水化学和锶、硫同位素证据

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖(一里坪干盐滩、东台吉乃尔盐湖、西台吉乃尔盐湖和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段)赋存了我国目前最大的卤水锂矿床。那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂的物源仍存在一定争议,主要有围岩风化、古湖残留、含盐系地层淋滤、油田水、深部水等,目前缺乏有力的地球化学证据。本文系统采集了那棱格勒河流域及其尾闾盐湖不同水体样品16件,分析了其主、微量元素含量及锶、硫同位素组成。结合前人的研究成果,对区域水体中锂的来源进行了探讨,得出结论如下:那棱格勒河水锂含量(0.45～0.79 mg/L)比楚拉克阿拉干河支流(0.00～0.05 mg/L)高出一个数量级,其高锂含量主要受洪水河支流的补给;洪水河高锂含量与其上游热泉水的补给有关,该热泉水锂、锶含量高、⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值偏高,δ³⁴S值偏低,与青藏高原典型热泉水地球化学特征(锂含量0.4～34.8 mg/L,锶含量0.07～4.24 mg/L,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值0.71224～0.71259,δ³⁴S值-10....     

煤炭地质勘查中煤层综合对比方法研究——以永陇矿区老爷岭普查区为例

大型陆相煤盆地边缘的煤层划分与对比是煤炭地质勘查的关键性基础工作。依据基础地质勘探资料,应用标志层法、煤层自身特征法、测井曲线组合法、灰色关联分析法等,对永陇矿区老爷岭普查区延安组煤层进行综合对比。研究结果表明,在成煤环境不稳定地区,应用地质、地球物理和灰色关联分析等方法进行煤层综合对比可以取得可靠的结果。     

Vertical ground motion analysis for submerged pore-elastic media with random void ratios

Recently, very strong vertical ground motions have been recorded during several earthquakes. The vertical motions are the consequence of compressional stresses which are mainly transmitted by pore fluids. For linear elastic analysis of a submerged soil layer, the permeability has a very minor effect on shear-wave response for which pore fluids are not taken into account. But on compressional-wave response, the permeability dominates the damping effect and is thought as the principal influential factor from pore fluids. In this study, the effect of changing permeability on damping is explored. In practice it is harder to obtain the coefficient of permeability, κ, than to measure the void ratio, e. In order to evaluate the permeability and explore its influence on vertical shaking, the formula relating κ–e for the saturated soil is selected for a 1D submerged pore-elastic model subjected to vertical sine-wave loading. The random, linear, linear-plus-random, logarithmic, and log-plus-random depth functions of void ratio are taken into account in this study. The intrinsic error due to the use of the arithmetic mean of permeability for a certain area with a heterogeneous distribution of permeability has also been assessed. Numerical simulations show that the five depth distributions of void ratio all result in the extra viscous forces. The damping effect on vertical shaking is mainly controlled by the harmonic mean of permeability and spatial distribution of permeability rather than the arithmetic mean of permeability. The harmonic mean is more appropriate than the arithmetic mean to be the representative permeability, because the damping coefficient is inversely proportional to permeability.