西藏谢通门县雄村矿区岩石地面波谱特征及其在矿化信息识别中的应用

成矿作用过程中产生的矿化蚀变,在遥感图像上往往是一种非直接的弱相关信息。文章以西藏谢通门县雄村铜多金属矿区为例,通过典型矿床地面波谱及其特征分析,在视反射率图像模拟及其与典型矿床地面波谱反射率的相关分析基础上,运用两类矿床的地面波谱模型对通门乡子区矿化蚀变信息进行识别研究。雄村铜多金属矿区的地面波谱特征研究表明,视反射率图像及其地空相关分析方法不仅能快捷地进行铜多金属矿化信息预测,还可有效地区分矿化异常,在冈底斯地区多金属矿化信息识别方面有较好的找矿预测效果,是青藏高原进行铜多金属找矿预测的颇为有效的遥感地质找矿新技术之一。     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Migration during Ore Formation of Carboniferous Exhalation-Sedimentary Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Tongling District, Anhui Province

Numerical simulation of fluid migration during the ore-forming process of the Carboniferous exhalationsedimentary (Sedex) massive sulfide deposits in the Tongling district shows that fluid and thermal activities in lying-wall rocks were limited to a small area around the main draining passage, which led to weak mineralization and alteration in the lying-wall rock. Temperature and fluid fields indicate that mineralization and alteration in the lying-wall rock of the Sedex-type deposits are usually weaker than those of volcano-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Fluid migration involves the following processes: seawater penetrating and leaching the lying-wall rocks, then mixing with ascending hydrothermal fluids in the main draining passage, and finally jetting into seafloor. Although fluid activity-influenced area is rather small,the content of metals leached out from the lying-wall rocks is high enough to form large-scale ore deposits. Tensional contemporaneous faults accompanied with strong heat flows controlled the formation and distribution of Sedex deposits.The tensional tectonic regime on the northern margin of the Yangtze block during the Hercynian provided Sedex deposits with a prerequisite geodynamic condition.     

Genesis of the Gold Deposit in the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo Suture Zone, Southern Tibet: Evidence from Geological and Geochemical Data

The Nianzha gold deposit,located in the central section of the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture(IYS) zone in southern Tibet,is a large gold deposit(Au reserves of 25 tons with average grade of 3.08 g/t) controlled by a E-W striking fault that developed during the main stage of Indo-Asian collision(~65-41 Ma).The main orebody is 1760 m long and 5.15 m thick,and occurs in a fracture zone bordered by Cretaceous diorite in the hanging wall to the north and the Renbu tectonic melange in the footwall to the south.High-grade mineralization occurs in a fracture zone between diorite and ultramafic rock in the Renbu tectonic melange.The wall-rock alteration is characterized by silicification in the fracture zone,serpentinization and the formation of talc and magnesite in the ultramafic unit,and chloritization and the formation of epidote and calcite in diorite.Quartz veins associated with Au mineralization can be divided into three stages.Fluid inclusion data indicate that the deposit formed from H_2O-NaCl-organic gas fluids that homogenize at temperatures of 203℃-347℃ and have salinities of 0.35wt%-17.17wt%NaCl equivalent.The quartz veins yield δ~(18)O_(fluid) values of 0.15‰-10.45‰,low δD_(V-SMOW)values(-173‰ to-96‰),and the δ~(13)C values of-17.6‰ to-4.7‰,indicating the ore-forming fluids were a mix of metamorphic and sedimentary orogenic fluids with the addition of some meteoric and mantle-derived fluids.The pyrite within the diorite has δ~(34)S_(V-CDT) values of-2.9‰-1.9‰(average-1.1‰),~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 18.47-18.64,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 15.64-15.74,and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 38.71-39.27,all of which are indicative of the derivation of S and other ore-forming elements from deep in the mantle.The presence of the Nianzha,Bangbu,and Mayum gold deposits within the IYS zone indicates that this area is highly prospective for large orogenic gold deposits.We identified three types of mineralization within the IYS,namely Bangbu-type accretionary,Mayum-type microcontinent,and Nianzha-type ophiolite-associated orogenic Au deposits.The three types formed at different depths in an accretionary orogenic tectonic setting.The Bangbu type was formed at the deepest level and the Nianzha type at the shallowest.     

Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Jiamoshan MVT Pb–Zn Deposit in the Sanjiang belt, Tibetan Plateau

The carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in the Sanjiang metallogenic belt on the Tibetan Plateau are typical of MVT Pb–Zn deposits that form in thrust-fold belts. The Jiamoshan Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Changdu area in the middle part of the Sanjiang belt, and it represents a new style of MVT deposit that was controlled by karst structures in a thrust–fold system. Such a karst-controlled MVT Pb–Zn deposit in thrust settings has not previously been described in detail, and we therefore mapped the geology of the deposit and undertook a detailed study of its genesis. The karst structures that host the Jiamoshan deposit were formed in Triassic limestones along secondary reverse faults, and the orebodies have irregular tubular shapes. The main sulfide minerals are galena, sphalerite, and pyrite that occur in massive and lamellar form. The ore-forming fluids belonged to a Mg2+–Na+–K+–SO2-4–Cl-–F-–NO-3–H2 O system at low temperatures(120–130°C) but with high salinities(19–22% NaCl eq.). We have recognized basinal brine as the source of the ore-forming fluids on the basis of their H–O isotopic compositions(-145‰ to-93‰ for δDV-SMOW and-2.22‰ to 13.00‰ for δ18 Ofluid), the ratios of Cl/Br(14–1196) and Na/Br(16–586) in the hydrothermal fluids, and the C–O isotopic compositions of calcite(-5.0‰ to 3.7‰ for δ13 CV-PDB and 15.1‰ to 22.3‰ for δ18 OV-SMOW). These fluids may have been derived from evaporated seawater trapped in marine strata at depth or from Paleogene–Neogene basins on the surface. The δ34 S values are low in the galena(-3.2‰ to 0.6‰) but high in the barite(27.1‰), indicating that the reduced sulfur came from gypsum in the regional Cenozoic basins and from sulfates in trapped paleo-seawater by bacterial sulfate reduction. The Pb isotopic compositions of the galena samples(18.3270–18.3482 for 206 Pb/204 Pb, 15.6345–15.6390 for 207 Pb/204 Pb, and 38.5503–38.5582 for 208 Pb/204 Pb) are similar to those of the regional Triassic volcanic-arc rocks that formed during the closure of the Paleo-Tethys, indicating these arc rocks were the source of the metals in the deposit. Taking into account our new observations and data, as well as regional Pb–Zn metallogenic processes, we present here a new model for MVT deposits controlled by karst structures in thrust–fold systems.     

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床矽卡岩型矿体白云母Ar-Ar年代学研究及其地球动力学意义

西藏蒙亚啊矿床是冈底斯北缘Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Fe-Mo多金属成矿带内发育的Pb-Zn矿床的典型代表.对该矿床形成时代的精确厘定,是正确理解矿床成因机制,准确评价成矿潜力的关键。目前蒙亚啊矿床成矿时代的研究主要针对矿区内的花岗斑岩岩体或矿石矿物铅同位素展开,并存在较大的争议。本文基于成矿作用类型的差异,将蒙亚啊矿床的矿体进一步划分为矽卡岩型矿体和斑岩型矿体,而最具经济价值的硫化物成矿作用为矽卡岩型矿化。在此基础之上,通过云母Ar-Ar测年对蒙亚啊矽卡岩型矿体开展了定年工作。蒙亚啊矽卡岩型矿体中与闪锌矿共生的白云母的Ar-Ar同位素测年显示,其Ar-Ar坪年龄为54.60±0.40 Ma,正等时线年龄为54.45±0.67 Ma。根据白云母与矿石矿物的共生关系可知,该年龄应代表了蒙亚啊矿区矽卡岩型矿体的成矿时代。综合前人的研究结果,笔者认为:蒙亚啊Pb-Zn矿床存在两期成矿事件,但主成矿期形成于印度-欧亚陆-陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,而新特提斯洋壳板片的回卷可能是矿床形成的深部动力学机制。     

西藏夏垅隐爆角砾岩型铅锌银矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源

夏垅铅锌银矿床位于冈底斯斑岩铜钼成矿带的西端,产于花岗岩基中,属于隐爆角砾岩型矿床。本文对其流体包裹体及H-O-S-Pb同位素组成进行了分析。成矿流体物理性质具有从中高温(240~340℃)、低盐度(2.2%~3.8%NaCl eqv)向低温(160~180℃)、低盐度(0.8%~1.7%NaCl eqv)演化的特征。矿石中石英的δD值为-156‰~-145‰,δ18 O值为-0.4‰~7.1‰,按流体包裹体均一温度换算的δ18 OH2O值为-16.7‰~-3.0‰,表明成矿流体来源于岩浆水和大气降水的混合。金属硫化物的δ34 S值变化范围较小,在-3.0‰~+5.9‰之间,按照同位素平衡系数外推法获得总硫同位素组成δ34SΣ为+9.80‰和+13.13‰,表明硫主要来源于岩浆岩,并反映成矿岩浆演化过程中可能经历了H2S去气作用。方铅矿的206 Pb/204 Pb=18.627~18.758、207 Pb/204Pb=15.598~15.682和208 Pb/204 Pb=38.637~39.298,黄铁矿的206 Pb/204 Pb=18.639~18.678、207 Pb/204 Pb=15.587~15.691和208Pb/204Pb=38.649~38.703,显示部分矿石铅富集放射性成因铅,反映铅的多来源性,即来源于上地幔铅与上地壳铅的混合。反映与夏垅铅锌银矿床成矿相关的岩浆来自于下地壳的部分熔融,并有地幔物质的补给,在岩浆上侵就位过程中又与上地壳中的岩浆房发生了岩浆混合。这也表明该地区可能存在有古老地壳,显示了区域上的独特性,为南拉萨地体区域找矿提供特有的指示意义。     

冈底斯西段麻木矽卡岩型铅锌矿化区岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

西藏革吉麻木铅锌矿化区是中冈底斯成矿带(中拉萨地块)西段南缘近年发现的一个矽卡岩型铅锌矿化区,矿化产于花岗斑岩与灰岩外接触带的矽卡岩内.金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿、镜铁矿、黄铁矿;脉石矿物有石榴子石、透辉石、蔷薇辉石、阳起石、绿帘石、石英、长石、方解石;蚀变包括硅化、黏土化、大理岩化、绿泥石化;赋矿围岩是捷嘎组灰...     

西藏措勤县德能铜多金属矿床石英闪长玢岩时代与成因：LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据

为厘定德能铜多金属矿床侵入岩时代,查明岩石成因,本文利用LA-ICP-MS技术对德能铜多金属矿床石英闪长玢岩锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素测定,分析了岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素。结果表明,石英闪长玢岩形成于早白垩世126.6±2.2~127.5±2.2Ma。岩石硅含量中等(平均58.58%),富碱(ALK平均6.53%),为高钾钙碱性花岗岩。稀土元素球粒陨石配分模式图右倾,(La/Yb)N为4.64~6.18。大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K、Pb、Zr和Hf等富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等亏损。206 Pb/204 Pb为18.629~18.771,207 Pb/204 Pb为15.690~15.738,208Pb/204 Pb为39.188~39.435。(87 Sr/86 Sr)i为0.709215~0.710463,(143 Nd/144 Nd)i为0.512044~0.512093,εNd(t)为-8.40~-7.45,TDM2为1524~1602Ma。上述分析结果表明,石英闪长玢岩为I型花岗岩,具岛弧岩浆活动特征,是向南俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋壳脱水,导致地幔楔发生熔融,幔源物质上涌引起中元古代下地壳物质发生部分熔融的产物。     

安徽铜陵矿集区海西期喷流沉积流体系统时空结构

铜陵矿集区是长江中下游成矿带七大矿集区之一，构造上经历了晚古生代的陆缘裂陷、中三叠世的陆-陆碰撞和侏罗纪—白垩纪的陆内构造-岩浆活动。晚石炭世的海底喷流沉积形成了广泛分布的块状硫化物，除部分构成块状硫化物矿床外，还为燕山期中酸性岩浆活动形成的矽卡岩型矿床提供了部分硫和金属物质。为了查明海西期喷流沉积流体系统及其时空展布特征，在铜陵矿集区内开展了以流体活动记录为对象的蚀变-流体填图工作。结果显示，海西期喷流沉积流体系统不仅形成以块状硫化物为主体的喷流沉积记录，而且在下伏岩系中遗留了区域规模的流体蚀变记录。以块状硫化物为主体的喷流沉积记录构成3个喷流沉积旋回，在垂向上和横向上均具有成分和结构的分带性。流体蚀变记录在上部构成顺层蚀变带，在中部构成沿断裂和裂隙充填的石英一硫化物脉体群。在下部则构成半整合蚀变带，表明喷流沉积流体系统由下渗的海水在下部半整合蚀变带形成储集区，经高地热异常的加热后，沿中部脉体群向上迁移，在进入顺层蚀变带后沿砂岩层向两侧扩散，最后经同生断裂和裂隙向海底喷出。块状硫化物与蚀变岩、喷流沉积旋回及硫化物硫同位素的空间展布特征，显示区内存在3个受基底断裂控制的NWW向延伸的流体活动域，包含6个以上的流体储集区域，每个流体储集区域之上发育多个流体上升中心和海底喷流中心。