基于岩石物理模型的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演

针对富有机质页岩储层复杂的矿物组分与微观孔缝结构,本文提出基于岩石物理模型和改进粒子群算法的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演方法。应用自相容等效介质理论与Chapman多尺度孔隙理论建立裂缝型页岩双孔隙系统岩石物理模型。开发基于岩石物理模型的反演流程,引入模拟退火优化粒子群算法解决多参数同时反演问题,反演算法能够避免陷入局部极值且收敛速度快。将本文方法应用于四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气储层,反演得到的孔隙纵横比、裂缝密度等物性参数和各向异性参数与已有研究结果一致,能为页岩储层的评价提供多元化信息。     

非均匀介质地震AVO响应模拟及分析

地震AVO （amplitude versus offset）技术是一项利用振幅信息研究岩性、检测油气的地震勘探技术。常规方法基于Zoeppritz方程计算模型界面处的反射系数,而实际地下非均匀介质中地震反射特征不仅与入射角度、物性差异有关,还与入射波频率、地层厚度、薄互层结构等因素有关。为此,应用传播矩阵理论充分考虑与这些因素有关的调谐干涉等传播效应,针对实际数据计算非均匀地下介质的高精度合成地震记录,对比Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程、Shuey三项近似方程以及传播矩阵算法的模拟效果。研究发现：在小角度入射时Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程和Shuey三项近似方程的反射振幅和波形基本一致,大角度入射时Zoeppritz方程与Shuey三项近似方程接近;Zoeppritz算法的模拟结果在小角度入射和浅层情况下与传播矩阵算法差别较小,而在大角度入射和深层情况下与传播矩阵差别较大,说明层间多次波的调谐干涉等传播效应不可忽略。     

Soil wettability in ground engineering: fundamentals,methods, and applications

Wettability is a fundamental property controlling the extent of wetting in flat and granular solids. In natural soils, wettability affects a wide variety of processes including infiltration, preferential flow and surface runoff. In mineral processing, wettability is paramount in enhancing the efficiency of separation of minerals from gangue. The manipulation of surface wettability is equally crucial in many industrial applications. For instance, superhydrophobic surfaces are those on which water drops roll off easily and as such are used for self-cleaning applications. Therefore, while wettability is strongly cross-disciplinary, its evolution has been discipline-specific with a direct extrapolation or transfer of concepts, approaches, and methods to ground engineering unlikely to remain valid. This paper synthesizes relevant aspects from surface chemistry, materials science, mining engineering, and soil science, and discusses their implications within the context of new granular materials that resist wetting, for use in barriers or ground improvement and, in unsaturated soils, where the effects of wettability have been documented.     

Tectonic significance of Triassic mafic rocks in the June Complex,Sanandaj–Sirjan zone,Iran

This study concentrates on the petrological and geochemical investigation of mafic rocks embedded within the voluminous Triassic June Complex of the central Sanandaj–Sirjan zone (Iran), which are crucial to reconstruct the geodynamics of the Neotethyan passive margin. The Triassic mafic rocks are alkaline to sub-alkaline basalts, containing 43.36–49.09 wt% SiO₂, 5.19–20.61 wt% MgO and 0.66–4.59 wt% total alkalis. Based on MgO concentrations, the mafic rocks fall into two groups: cumulates (Mg# = 51.61–58.94) and isotropic basaltic liquids (Mg# = 24.54–42.66). In all samples, the chondrite-normalized REE patterns show enrichment of light REEs with variable (La/Yb)_N ratios ranging from 2.48 to 9.00, which confirm their amalgamated OIB-like and E-MORB-like signatures. Enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) relative to the primitive mantle further support this interpretation. No samples point to crustal contamination, all having undergone fractionation of olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase. Nevertheless, elemental data suggest that the substantial variations in (La/Sm)_PM and Zr/Nb ratios can be explained by variable degrees of partial melting rather than fractional crystallization from a common parental magma. The high (Nb/Yb)_PM ratio in the alkaline mafic rocks points to the mixing of magmas from enriched and depleted mantle sources. Abundant OIB alkaline basalts and rare E-MORB appear to be linked to the drifting stage on the northern passive margin of the Neotethys Ocean.     

马杏垣先生开合构造思想的提出、形成及最新进展

概述了马杏垣院士的学术生平与创建开合构造史实.开合构造提出是中国地球科学"百花齐放,百家争鸣"发展的结果;是黄汲清院士、张文佑院士、马杏垣院士领导的青年团队,在国际板块构造革命的新潮中,根据板块构造登陆存在的巨大问题,结合中国地质构造的特色,依据坚实的实际资料进行深入的全新探索.3位院士领导的团队又联合起来,进行开合构造的长期研究.2002年在构造地质专业委员会支持下,成立了开合构造研究组,召开了开合构造第一次学术研讨会,总结20多年研究成果,出了专刊书集.2015年研究组聚首北京,总结开合构造研究的新成果,并吸取地球物理研究新成果,准确地阐明开合构造的定义,提升了研究方法,总结了开合构造运动和开合构造体系特征,将构造动力来源初始点建立在古登堡面的开合构造转换带上,全新解析了转换带的重要作用,站在星球角度认识开合构造.最后,强调青年研究力量的培养,是开合构造走向世界的重要途径.     

临夏黄土记录的26万年来季风快速变化

黄土高原西部高分辨率黄土序列开展的多代用指标研究,有助于揭示轨道-亚轨道尺度上东亚冬、夏季风的变化特征及动力机制。但针对同一地质记录提取冬、夏季风多代用指标进行对比和敏感性分析的工作尚不多见,因此制约了对季风快速变化特征和机理的理解。本文利用甘肃临夏85 m黄土岩芯开展高分辨率的粒度、磁化率和元素扫描分析,发现在轨道尺度上粒度和Zr/Rb比值显示的大幅冰期-间冰期波动与深海氧同位素记录有很好的对应关系,表明东亚冬季风的波动响应于北半球高纬冰量的变化。但在千年尺度上,粒度能更敏感地响应冬季风的快速变化;Rb/Sr比值和磁化率均能很好记录轨道尺度上的东亚夏季风波动,但在亚轨道尺度上Rb/Sr的敏感性明显高于磁化率。粒度、Zr/Rb和Rb/Sr所指示的东亚季风快速变化表现出较强的岁差信号,与石笋和北纬65°夏季太阳辐射有较好的对应关系,表明东亚季风变化也受到岁差直接驱动的夏季太阳辐射变的控制。在最后两个冰期-间冰期旋回中(即末期冰期旋回和倒数第二次冰期旋回)Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值和粒度记录分别可以辨别出与石笋相同数量级的变暖事件,但粒度记录的暖事件明显要多于Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值,且这些暖事件并不能一一对应。粒度及元素比值记录显著变冷的千年尺度的Heinrich(H)事件与石笋记录的夏季风明显减弱的事件有很好的对应关系,但其发生频率明显高于海洋记录。这些指标记录的千年尺度上波动信号的不一致性主要归因指标对不同气候要素敏感性的差异。未来需要进一步开展高分辨率多代用指标敏感性分析,选取对季风快速变化的敏感指标,有助于我们理解季风快速变化的特征(如周期和幅度等)和分析季风快速变化的时空差异性。     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗色尔腾山岩群东五分子岩组锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

色尔腾山岩群是华北克拉通中西部早前寒武纪变质结晶基底的主要组成部分,对研究华北克拉通基底演化具有十分重要的意义。色尔腾山岩群的形成时代是目前研究的热点之一,本文通过岩石学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年研究,查明了内蒙古乌拉特中旗乌兰乡查干哈达地区色尔腾山岩群东五分子岩组的岩石组成和年代学特征。东五分子岩组遭受了后期岩浆和构造作用的强烈破坏,未见顶底,主要由中细粒斜长角闪岩、细粒黑云斜长片麻岩、眼球状细粒黑云斜长片麻岩、条带状细粒黑云斜长片麻岩和细粒黑云角闪片岩组成,矿物组合特征指示岩石经历了低绿片岩相-低角闪岩相变质。其中,眼球状细粒黑云斜长片麻岩出露相对较厚,与细粒黑云斜长片麻岩多呈互层状产出,局部偶夹细粒黑云斜长片麻岩。本次研究选取其中新鲜的细粒黑云斜长片麻岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年分析,其锆石多呈自形-半自形,发育震荡环带,主体为岩浆成因,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果为（1 930.7±9.6）Ma,代表原岩（中酸性火山岩）冷凝结晶年龄,表明东五分子岩组经历变质作用的时代应晚于1 930 Ma。     

煤炭矿山资源储量动态变化类型与特征研究

通过对国内煤炭矿山资源储量动态变化原因研究,将其变化类型划分为:开采动用、重新核实、资源复采、资源压覆和界外动用五种类型,其中开采动用是储量变化的主体,存在于所有矿山,储量增减占比高(68.8%);重新核实是矿山有计划开展的储量修正补充,广泛存在(40.0%),储量增减占比低(4.3%);复采资源是矿山依靠工艺、设备提升改进回收的资源,存在于少数矿山(12.9%),储量增减占比非常低(1.1%);压覆资源仅存在个别矿山(8.6%),但引起储量变化量大(25.8%),需进行储量核减报批;界外动用是非法行为,需对违反的企业和个人依法进行处罚。     

High‐Precision Measurement of 187Os/188Os Isotope Ratios of Nanogram to Picogram Amounts of Os in Geological Samples by N‐TIMS using Faraday Cups Equipped with 1013 Ω Amplifiers

N(¹⁸⁷Os)/N(¹⁸⁸Os) ratios of six geological reference materials were measured using static Faraday cups (FCs) with 10¹³ Ω amplifiers by N‐TIMS. Our results show that the repeatability precision was 2–3‰ (2 RSD, n = 3), when taking ~ 1 g of BHVO‐2 with 76 pg g^?1 of Os mass fraction and ~ 2 g of BCR‐2 with 21 pg g^?1 of Os mass fraction for each sample, whether measured by FCs or by secondary electron multiplier. The repeatability precision measured by FCs was 1–0.2‰ (2 RSD, n = 3) when taking ~ 1 g of BIR‐2 with 350 pg g^?1 of Os mass fraction, ~ 1 g of WGB‐1 with 493 pg g^?1 of Os mass fraction or ~ 0.5 g of WPR‐1 with 13.3 ng g^?1 of Os mass fraction for each sample, which is much better than those measured by secondary electron multiplier. Instead, when taking ~ 2 g of AGV‐2 with 4 pg g^?1 Os mass fraction, the repeatability precision measured by secondary electron multiplier is 3–4‰ (RSD, n = 3), which is better than those measured by FCs. Of the six reference materials analysed, WPR‐1 and BIR‐1a are the most homogeneous with regard to Os isotopic composition (2 RSD of 0.08% and 0.23%, respectively) when test portion masses are 0.5–1 g.